plant breeding
Hossein Nazari; Morteza Eshraghi-Nejad; Mozafar Roustaii; Seid Mohammad Alavi Siney
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 1-20
Abstract
Introduction: As one of the most important plants of the cereal family, wheat plays a very important role in world food security. The problem of food security in the world is facing a serious challenge due to severe climate changes and a lack of supplementary irrigation resources. Understanding the responses ...
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Introduction: As one of the most important plants of the cereal family, wheat plays a very important role in world food security. The problem of food security in the world is facing a serious challenge due to severe climate changes and a lack of supplementary irrigation resources. Understanding the responses of plants to drought is the main part of the development of stress-resistant cultivars. The relative performance of genotypes under drought stress conditions and optimal conditions is one of the necessary and preliminary points in choosing the optimal genotypes for dry conditions. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the relationships between indicators and determining the best indicators of drought tolerance, as well as selecting the best wheat lines suitable for cold and rainy regions for future breeding programs.Materials and Methods: In order to identify the relationships between drought tolerance indices and determine the best index as well as select the best lines for future breeding programs, 144 wheat lines in the form of Alpha Lattice design in two replications and in two conditions of rain and supplementary irrigation in The rain research station of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center were investigated. Different tolerance and sensitivity indices including relative stress index (RSI), stress sensitivity index (SSI), stress resistance index (SRI), performance index (YI), performance stability index (YSI), relative reduction index (RR), Abiotic Stress Index (ATI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Mean Production Index (MP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Sensitivity Percentage Index (SSPI), Harmonic Mean (HM) ), the index of product of stress and non-stress environment (SNPI) and yield loss ratio (PRR) were calculated.Research finding: The results of combined variance analysis showed that the effect of wet and rainy environment on the performance of lines was significant at the level of 1%. Also, the lines showed a significant difference in grain yield at the level of 1%. Drought stress decreased the grain yield of most lines in dry conditions. Line 82 had the highest yield in potential (2876 kg/ha) and rainfed (2000 kg/ha) conditions. Line 21 also had the lowest performance in two conditions (rainfed 825 and supplementary irrigation 1113 kg/ha respectively). Correlation results showed that grain yield in supplementary irrigation conditions had a positive and significant correlation with MP (0.56), GMP (0.56), HM (0.56), YI (0.55) and TOL (0.56) indicators. had 0.53). In the conditions of stress, MP (0.54), GMP (0.54), HM (0.54), and YI (0.53) indicators had the highest correlation with performance. Based on the first two selected components resulting from the decomposition into main components, which justified 91.35% of the changes, lines 90 and 102 were selected, which were also confirmed based on the three-dimensional diagram. The results of the cluster analysis of the lines also placed them in four groups, and lines such as 90, 131, 102 and 132 were also included in the group with high performance in both conditions. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to use the indicators of stress resistance, harmonic mean, geometric mean, and performance stability, which have the most significant positive correlation with performance in wet and dry conditions, in the selection of lines; Also, screening should be done based on the results of analysis into principal components and biplot and clustering using several indicators.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Fardin Ranjbar; Ali Rasaei
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 21-34
Abstract
Introduction: The first step to produce certified seeds is to prepare pure seed kernels. For this purpose, for the ease of identification and removal of mixed seeds and to ensure the purity of the obtained seeds, full cluster cultivation is used instead of seeds, which is known as Breeder seed. The problem ...
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Introduction: The first step to produce certified seeds is to prepare pure seed kernels. For this purpose, for the ease of identification and removal of mixed seeds and to ensure the purity of the obtained seeds, full cluster cultivation is used instead of seeds, which is known as Breeder seed. The problem of Breeder seed is high cost and very low yield per unit area. In order to increase yield per unit area and reduce production cost, steps should be taken to mechanize this type of cultivation. In this regard, a rowing cluster device was designed and built, which performs the operation of tapping a single cluster and simultaneously planting the seeds in it. Methodology: To check the efficiency of the row worker cluster, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three factors in three replications. The factors include the rotating speed of the Threshing drum in three levels, the distance between Threshing drum and Concave in 2 levels and the diameter of the Concave holes in three levels. The studied traits were 1- the average length of the axis of the wheat spike after threshing in mm, 2- the degree of threshing in percent and 3- the amount of seed breakage in percent. Analysis of data variance was done with SAS software and comparison of means was done with least significant difference (LSD) test. Research findings: With this explanation, speeds of 600 and 450 rpm are not recommended due to high seed breakage. The most suitable rotational speed of the thresher is 300 rpm because at this rotational speed, seed breakage is at its lowest. In general, the best performance of the rowing machine cluster is obtained by choosing a speed of 300 rpm for the drum, a diameter of 7 mm for the Concave holes and a distance of 5 mm between the Threshing drum and Concave.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Roya Ferdowsi; gholamreza ghahramanian; soheyla pourheydar
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 35-47
Abstract
Introduction: One of the basic problems in chickpea cultivation, especially in autumn cultivation, is the control of weeds. The weak competitive ability of peas against weeds causes a sharp reduction in yield. The problem of weed control has limited the development of chickpea cultivation in rotation ...
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Introduction: One of the basic problems in chickpea cultivation, especially in autumn cultivation, is the control of weeds. The weak competitive ability of peas against weeds causes a sharp reduction in yield. The problem of weed control has limited the development of chickpea cultivation in rotation with cereals, and farmers inevitably use wheat-fallow rotation. Weed control is effective in improving yield and ultimately increasing farmers' income on the one hand and production cost on the other hand, so the best method with the lowest cost and the highest profitability should be determined.Methodology: In order to control chickpea weeds in autumn cultivation, by chemical and mechanical methods, this project includes seven treatments: 1- chemical control, 2- mechanical control, 3- combined control by fighting method. chemical and mechanical, 4- chemical control and manual weeding, 5- mechanical control and manual weeding, 6- manual weeding and 7- no weed control in three replications in the form of blocks A complete random experiment was carried out for two years (1398-1399 and 1402-1401) at Dem Kishore Agricultural Research Institute (Maragheh station). Chickpea variety Anna with a density of 30 seeds per square meter under no-till conditions (direct cultivation) was planted and the biological yield, seed yield, number of plants per unit area, hundred seed weight and plant height were measured and different methods of weed control were evaluated economically.Research findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference in seed yield, biological yield and the number of plants per hectare under different weed control methods. The treatments of mechanical control and weeding, weeding, and chemical control and weeding had the highest yield of chickpea seeds with average yield of 575.75, 540.1, and 535.8, respectively. Also, based on the obtained results, the economic index of benefit-cost ratio of chemical control treatment with non-selective herbicide at 53 cm intervals was 3.5, which was more than other treatments. Therefore, this treatment was idetified as the most economical treatment for weed management in the autumn cultivation of chickpeas. Also, the benefit-cost ratio of chemical control treatment combined with manual weeding was 3.1, and it was recognized as the second economic treatment.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
zaynolabedin omidmehr
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 48-63
Abstract
Introduction: Wheat is one of the most important agricultural products and provides the most food needs of humans in developing countries. Wheat cultivation is of special importance due to the variety of planting machines used, including types of drilling machines, combination seeders, and centrifugal ...
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Introduction: Wheat is one of the most important agricultural products and provides the most food needs of humans in developing countries. Wheat cultivation is of special importance due to the variety of planting machines used, including types of drilling machines, combination seeders, and centrifugal seeders, and it is necessary to undergo a detailed technical evaluation. Also, compliance with agricultural technical principles, such as the amount of seed per unit area, is an important factor that significantly impacts the efficiency of cultivation.
Methodology: To compare the effects of conventional drills and seed density on wheat (Kohdasht variety) yield, this project was completed as a factorial experiment at randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications. Four seed drills (Kesht Gostar, Sandan Sanat (12 and 14 farrow openers) and broadcast seeder and three amounts of seed rates (400, 500 and 600 seeds per meter), have been surveyed for 2 years (2013 & 2014) in Kalpoosh region in Semnan province.
Research findings: The results indicated that planting machinery's effect on uniformity of planting depths, emergency percent and grain yield was significant (P<0.05). Maximum and minimum yield were obtained from Sandan Sanat 14 (2663 kg ha-1) and seed broadcasting method (2307 kg ha-1), respectively. The number of spikes per meter, Thousand kernel weight and grain yield were significant (P<0.05). Maximum (503) and minimum (406) number of spikes per meter were related to 240 and 160 kg ha-1 seed rates, respectively. Maximum thousand kernel weight (32.5 g) was obtained from 160 kg ha-1 seed rates. Maximum (2696 kg ha-1) and minimum (2332 kg ha-1) grain yield were related to 200 and 160 kg ha-1 seed rates, respectively. Regarding the results of this research, Sandan Sanat (SN14) seed planter and 200 kgha-1 seed rate was identified as the best combination in dryland conditions of Kalpoosh region.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
somayeh Karamichameh; ehsan zidali; sayed timori; shida timori
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 64-79
Abstract
Introduction: Identification of weeds in wheat fields is considered the most basic measure in weed management. By knowing the specific weed flora in a region, it is possible to plan about their management methods. In order to further identify and compare the weed flora of dryland wheat fields in the ...
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Introduction: Identification of weeds in wheat fields is considered the most basic measure in weed management. By knowing the specific weed flora in a region, it is possible to plan about their management methods. In order to further identify and compare the weed flora of dryland wheat fields in the tropical cities of Kermanshah province, a study was conducted in 1400-1401. Methodology: Weed sampling was done on 60 hectares of dryland wheat fields in the studied cities during the tillering stage of wheat. The number of selected farms was evaluated based on the area under dryland wheat cultivation in each city. Based on the control and non-control of weeds in the wheat fields, these areas were divided into two groups. Types of weeds were identified by gender and species. In order to determine the importance of the monitored weed species in the fields of the region, the indices of abundance of species, distribution uniformity, relative density of species, and relative importance of species as well as indices of diversity and dominance were used. Research findings: After monitoring the wheat fields, 20 types of weeds were observed in the conditions of no weed control and in the control conditions, and the narrow-leaf weeds were more abundant than the broad-leaves. In the absence of control, wild winter oats (Avena ludoviciana) with a frequency of 38% and oat (Hordeum spontaneum) with a frequency of 30% are the most important weeds and mustard (Sinapis arvensis) with a frequency of 40% and anemone with a frequency of 30% are the most important weeds. In the conditions of weed control, the winter wild oat plant had the highest abundance of 21%. The results of the study showed that the use of herbicides reduced the Shannon-Wiener diversity and weed species richness and on the other hand increased the Simpson''''s dominance index. In the condition of no control, farms in Gilanghreb city had the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (2.32) and Qasrshirin city had the lowest Shannon-Wiener diversity index (2.07) compared to other reging. In the control conditions, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index was close to each other in different areas, and its highest value was 0.6. The areas that had a higher diversity index had a higher species richness index and a lower dominance.
Molecular genetics
Aylar Saadat sattarzadeh; Hossein Shahbazi; Varahram Rashidi; Alireza Ahmadzadeh; farhad farahvash
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 80-93
Abstract
Introduction: The root system architecture is one of the basic characteristics of barley cultivars in drought stress tolerance. So that the genotypes with more vertical roots will have more tolerance to drought. Therefore, root growth angle is a suitable trait to improve drought tolerance in barley. ...
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Introduction: The root system architecture is one of the basic characteristics of barley cultivars in drought stress tolerance. So that the genotypes with more vertical roots will have more tolerance to drought. Therefore, root growth angle is a suitable trait to improve drought tolerance in barley. For this purpose, to investigate the effect of HvDRO1 gene expression on root system architecture of barley cultivars under water stress, an experiment was conducted using glass rhizotrons.Materials & Methods: The experiment was conducted as a factorial design, in which the first factor included 10 barley cultivars and the second factor included drought stress (nonstress, 75% FC and 50% FC). The experiment was carried out in 2022 at Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil. After the root growth, the root numbers, length and angle of the roots were measured. Then, HvDRO1 gene expression was measured by real-time PCR.Research findings: The results of ANOVA showed that there are significant differences in all the traits which indicates the existence of genetic diversity among the tested cultivars. The effect of drought stress was significant on all traits, so that caused an increase in root length and HvDRO1 gene expression in both stress levels (75% FC and 50% FC), a decrease in the root numbers and an increase in the root angle under the 50% FC. Mean comparisons showed that the root length ranged from 22.4 to 30.8 cm, so that Artan had the longest root and 8 other varieties (Gaflan, Abidar, Nader, Ansar, Sararoud 1, Dobrinia, Sahand and Fasih) were ranked next. The seminal root number of cultivars ranged from 3.39 to 4.33, so that Dobrinia, Radical, Sahand, Nader and Abidar had the highest root numbers. The root growth angle varied from 69.4 to 76.8 degrees, so that cultivars Sararoud, Artan, Abider, Sahand, Fasih and Gafalan had the most vertical roots. In terms of HvDRO1 gene expression, under 75% FC, Artan, Gaflan, Nader and Sahand, and under 50% FC, Gaflan had the highest amount. The results of correlations showed that the expression rate of HvDRO1 gene showed a positive correlation with the root length under 75% FC (r=0.74*). Under 50% FC, the expression rate of HvDRO1 gene had not significant correlation with root length, but showed a positive correlation with the root angle (r=0.85**). Regression analysis showed that under 75% FC, the expression of this gene explained 55.6% of the changes in root length and under 50% FC, it explained 74.6% of the changes in the root angle, suggesting the possibility of using the HvDRO1 gene expression to select the root system architecture in barley.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
kianoush hamidian; firouzeh heydari; seyed rouhollah ghasemi; akram hamidian
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 94-112
Abstract
Introduction: The optimal seed rate is an important management factor to improve wheat yield. Increasing in the price of chemical fertilizers has made farmers to use liquid fertilizers to compensate for the lack of nutrients. Foliar fertilization is a method of feeding plants in which both the stomata ...
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Introduction: The optimal seed rate is an important management factor to improve wheat yield. Increasing in the price of chemical fertilizers has made farmers to use liquid fertilizers to compensate for the lack of nutrients. Foliar fertilization is a method of feeding plants in which both the stomata and the leaf epidermis are used for absorption, and its effectiveness may vary depending on the environment, the physiological state of plant growth, and the state of nutrition. Foliar application method with macro and micro nutrients is more effective than other methods in terms of achieving maximum yield and reducing the loss of nutrients, and it increases amount of mineral elements in the plant and improves crop yield. Methodology: This research was carried out as split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2022-2023 cropping season. Seed rate was considered as the main factor and foliar application as a sub factor. In this study, 9 seed rate levels including 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 kg ha-1 were located in main plots and 4 foliar application levels including foliar application with amino acid (2 L ha-1), NPK (2 kg ha-1), the combination of amino acid + NPK (1 L amino acid + 1 kg NPK per ha), and control treatment were located in sub plots. Research findings: With increasing seed rate levels, plant height, the number of spikes and iron content in seed increased, but spike length, the number of seeds per spike, grains weight, zinc content in seed and grain protein percentage decreased. Maxiumum grain yield was recorded for 140 kg ha-1 and then grain yield was reduced with increasing of the seed rate levels. The highest values of the plant height, number of seeds per spike, grain weight, grain yield, iron and zinc content and protein percentage in grain were obtained from foliar application of amino acid +NPK, however the highest number of spikes and spike length were recorded for NPK treatment. By increasing the seed rate under foliar application of amino acid + NPK, the conten of iron increased, but the content of zinc decreased in seeds. The protein percentage was also increased with foliar application treatment of amino acid + NPK treatment up to 140 kg ha-1 rate of seed and then gradually decreased. The highest wheat grain yield (3383 kg ha-1) was obtained from 140 kg ha-1 seed rate under dryland condittions of Khorramabad
Crops under rainfed cultivation
ahmad heidari; Seyed Mohsen Seyedan; Mohammad Khavari Dehghan
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 113-132
Abstract
Introduction: Chickpea is one of the important legumes of dry regions, which can be replaced by fallow in rotation with wheat. Due to the lack of moisture in the dryland areas and the decrease in soil fertility due to continuous use of the common method of tillage and not maintining crop residuals, the ...
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Introduction: Chickpea is one of the important legumes of dry regions, which can be replaced by fallow in rotation with wheat. Due to the lack of moisture in the dryland areas and the decrease in soil fertility due to continuous use of the common method of tillage and not maintining crop residuals, the use of conservation tillage systems in these areas are important due to the advantages of this method (preserving soil moisture, reducing soil erosion and increasing soil fertility, preserving the environment, reducing production costs, etc.). Also, chickpea cultivation is expanding due to the interest in sustainable agriculture, because when legumes are planted in rotation with other crops, they can reduce the consumption of nitrogen fertilizers. In addition, legumes can be recommended to restore areas where the physical and chemical properties of the soil have been deteriorated over years.
Methodology: Six methods of tillage and planting chickpea in wheat residue including T1- reduced tillage with conservaion compound tiller (chisel-packer) + planting chickpeas with seed drill, T2- compound tiller (subsoiler + chisel + roller) + planting chickpeas with seed drill, T3- no till (plant of chickpeas with a direct seeder), T4- Three-level tiller (subsoiler + chisel + roller) + use of a roller leveling device + planting chickpeas with a seeder, T5 - using a leveling roller + plant of chickpea with a direct seeder and T6- the conventional method of the region (broadcasting chickpea by hand + plowing with a moldboard plow) as control were implemented as a randomized complete block design in three replications for three years.
Research findings: The results of this experiment showed that the effect of different tillage methods on the chickpea grain yield and its components were significant (P<0.05). Treatment T3 with an average grain yield of 608.6 kgha-1 and treatment T6 with an average 369.3 kg ha-1 had the highest and lowest grain yields, respectively. The effect of different tillage methods on weed weight were significant (P<0.05). Treatments T2, T3 and T5 had the lowest amount of weeds and treatments T1 and T6 had the highest amount of weeds. From the economic point of view, the highest gross value (267784000 Rials per hectare) and net value (261784000 Rials per hectare) was related to T3 treatment, which shows the highest value among the examined treatments. Based on the obtained results, direct planting of chickpeas in wheat residues was recommend for conditions similar to the present experiment.
Agronomy
Teymor Dolatpanah; Shareyar Dashti; Amin Abbasi; Naser Ahmadi Sani
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 133-155
Abstract
Introduction: The correct and optimal use of land requires a detailed assessment of agricultural and ecological resources. In the present era, resource limitations and the increasing population, and consequently the increasing demand for food products, require that limited resources should be used optimally. ...
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Introduction: The correct and optimal use of land requires a detailed assessment of agricultural and ecological resources. In the present era, resource limitations and the increasing population, and consequently the increasing demand for food products, require that limited resources should be used optimally. One of the most important abilities of the geographic information system is the ability to overlap different maps of an area to reach a complete map that can be used for the desired applications. Considering the importance of wheat as a strategic product in providing human food, as well as the optimal use of available resources and the evaluation of wheat cultivation fields in line with sustainable production, this research was aimed at evaluating and zoning the lands prone to wheat cultivation in a part of Hashtrood drylands.
Methodology: This study was carried out in a part of Hashtroud city (including Zulbin, Fatah, Nazarkehrizi and Atash Bey Regions). First, the ecological needs of rainfed wheat were determined and graded using available scientific resources. Then the required thematic maps were prepared and classified. The studied environmental variables, including long-term meteorological data and soil data, were obtained from the management of agricultural jihad in Hashtroud city. Hierarchical analysis process was used to determine the weight of the criteria. After analyzing and obtaining the weights, the layers were weighted and merged together in the Geographical Information System (GIS). The classification of each layer was done in four layers based on the ecological needs of wheat.
Research findings: The results indicated that among climatic factors, topography and soil affecting wheat cultivation in the study area, the role of climatic factors were more influential, so that the weight of climatic factors affecting wheat cultivation was 0.693, the weight of soil factors was 0.22 and the weight of the topography factors were 0.087. Zoning results showed that land suitability for wheat cultivation was placed in four zones (very susceptible, susceptible, semi-susceptible and non-susceptible). Out of 130,819 hectares of the total land area, 22% were recognized as highly susceptible area, 26% as susceptible area, 27% as semi-susceptible area, and 25% as non-susceptible area for wheat cultivation. Low levels of phosphorus (less than 10 mg/kg), low minimum temperatures (around 5 ◦C), low average temperature (less than 12 ◦C), the altitude (more than 2000 meters above the sea levels) and the slope (above 12%) were main limiting factors for growth and production of wheat in the studied area.
Agronomy
Mohsen Sabzi-Nojadeh; MIna Amani; Parviz Vojodi
Volume 13, Issue 1 , September 2024, Pages 156-172
Abstract
Introduction: Weeds are one of the most important factors that reduce the growth and yield of plants. Therefore, adopting the appropriate method of weed control depending on the environmental conditions can play an effective role in improving the yield of plants. This study aimed to evalute the effect ...
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Introduction: Weeds are one of the most important factors that reduce the growth and yield of plants. Therefore, adopting the appropriate method of weed control depending on the environmental conditions can play an effective role in improving the yield of plants. This study aimed to evalute the effect of different weed control methods on the growth and yield of safflower.Materials & Methods: In order to investigate the effect of different weed management methods on spring safflower protein content, an experiment based on a randomized complete block design was carried out at the research field of Tabriz University. The investigated treatments included no weed control, one - hand weeding at the rosette stage, Vicia ervilia cover plant, Vicia villosa cover plant, V. ervilia + V. villosa cover plant, straw and stubble mulch, trifluralin herbicide, trifluralin + gallant herbicide, trifluralin + fenmedifam herbicide, Haloxyfop-R ethyl + fenmedifam, hand weeding twice before stem elongation.Research findings: Based on the results, the percentage of protein in the treatment of full hand control of weeds was 157.2% higher compared to the treatment of no weed control. According to the findings of this research, among the different methods of weed control, Trifluralin herbicide + Fenmedipham, Haloxyfop-R ethyl + Fenmedipham, manual weeding twice before the stem lengthens, V. ervilia and V. villosa, mulch Straw and stubble and complete hand control of weeds had a significant increase in seed yield, and the highest increase with 107% was obtained from the treatment of complete hand control of weeds. According to the results, the straw and stubble mulch treatment had the highest number of weeds with 56 plants in the straw and stubble mulch treatment. Comparing the averages of weed biomass under the influence of the weed control method showed that the highest weed biomass with 188.9 g m-2 belonged to the lack of weed control. The lowest weed biomass (78.9 g m-2) belonged to the cover plant of cluster vetch + cowpea. The treatment of two manual weeding before stem elongation also caused a 56.6% decrease in weed biomass. In general, considering the economic importance of spring safflower and the importance of the role of reducing the use of herbicides, it is suggested to use the treatments of V. ervilia and V. villosa and straw and stubble mulch to control weeds in safflower fields in the region.
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