Crops under rainfed cultivation
gholamreza ghahramanian; Arash Mohammadzadeh
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 173-184
Abstract
Introduction: Harvest loss is one of the main challenges in wheat production systems. More than 75% of harvest losses are related to the header loss which is influenced by various factors such as defective cutting blade and unsynchronized speed between the combine forward with reel speed and plant density. ...
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Introduction: Harvest loss is one of the main challenges in wheat production systems. More than 75% of harvest losses are related to the header loss which is influenced by various factors such as defective cutting blade and unsynchronized speed between the combine forward with reel speed and plant density. The low performance of wheat combine harvesters has always existed and yield losses during harvesting will result in less income for the farmers. Therefore, estimating the amount of harvest losses within different parts of the harvester and determining the factors affecting yield loss according to the actual situation of mechanized wheat harvesting is important for the effective reduction of harvest losses.Methodology: The Present study was performed at the research station of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) located at Maragheh during the 2020-2021 cropping season and 18 dryland winter wheat fields were assessed for estimating harvest loss. The soil tillage system was carried out as minimum tillage and sowing rate was 380 plant m-2. Harvest losses were measured separately for head losses, cleaning losses, and beating losses. John Deere 1055 and 955 combine harvesters were evaluated in this study. Seasonal services of the harvesters were performed before the experiment and its technical health was ensured. Each plot area was 120 m2 that the head losses and yield estimation were evaluated in half of the plot (60 m2) and the other half of the plot was devoted to the estimation of cleaning and beating losses. Also, to determine the effective factors in the rate of losses of different units, forward speed, linear speed of the Reel, spike density, crop yield, and grain moisture were measured at the harvest time.Research findings: The results showed that the loss of cutting unit had the largest share of harvest loss with 89%. By implementing the correct settings of the cleaning and beating units and choosing the right harvest time, as well as choosing reel speed (RS) in accordance with the forward speed (FS), the head loss was reduced by 0.45% and the total loss was reduced by 0.51%. Head losses increased with a decreasing ratio of RS/FS (V2/V1) and the lowest head loss was obtained at a relative speed (V2/V1) of 1.6-1.8. By reducing the FS to 2 km/h and increasing the relative speed (V2/V1) to values greater than 2, as well as by reducing the relative speed to 1.36, head losses increased sharply. In other words, by adjusting the FS according to the spike density and stabilizing the relative speed (V2/V1) in the allowed limit (1.6-1.8), as well as making the correct adjustments of the winnowing and threshing system, the losses of the combine were reduced to less than 1%. To reduce the losses of the cutting unit, it is necessary to design and install the relative speed (V2/V1) stabilization system for grain harvesters.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Reza Rahimzadeh; Arash Mohammadzadeh; Roya Ferdosi; Ramin Lotfi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 185-201
Abstract
Introduction: Conservation agriculture represents a sustainable strategy for the long-term preservation of natural resources through effective crop and soil management practices. Despite its numerous advantages, the global adoption of conservation agriculture remains relatively limited when compared ...
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Introduction: Conservation agriculture represents a sustainable strategy for the long-term preservation of natural resources through effective crop and soil management practices. Despite its numerous advantages, the global adoption of conservation agriculture remains relatively limited when compared to conventional agricultural systems. In Iran, efforts to promote conservation agriculture over several decades have not resulted in widespread adoption among farmers. This can be attributed to a variety of factors, including technical challenges (such as access to specialized machinery and equipment), social barriers (including farmer knowledge and awareness of conservation agriculture), and economic obstacles (such as the availability of financial support policies). Considering the importance of conservation agriculture in sustainable crop production especially in dryland condition, this research aimed to identify the challenges of applying conservation agriculture in dryland crop production systems from the perspective of farmers. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed in east Azerbaijan province of Iran during 2022-2023. The target population was the farmers engaged in rainfed crops in dryland condition of Maragheh, Hashtrood, Mianeh, Charuymaq and Ahar counties. The data used in this study was obtained through face-to-face interviews with 53 farmers who were available for interview identified by local Jihad agriculture experts. The questionnaire validity was evaluated by the faculty members and experts in dryland agriculture. Data analysis was done by using Excel 2016 software. Also, correlation analysis between variables was done by Origin Pro software version 22. Research findings: Results showed that because the higher share of cereals (wheat and barley) in cropping pattern, there is no proper crop rotation in the study area. A large part of crop residue especially in cereals, is harvesting as forage because of feed higher prices in the area. The most of farmers prefer to use conventional tillage system for seedbed preparation. Lack of suitable machinery, lack of awareness and knowledge of farmers toward conservation agriculture, and yield reduction in the first years of adoption are the main barriers of rapid expansion of conservation agriculture. Facilitating farmers’ access to conservation agriculture machinery by providing the financial facilities; participatory research involving farmers, researchers and extension agents and creating agricultural extension model sites, and support policies such as economic incentives or subsidies are the main strategies for the adoption of conservation agriculture.
plant breeding
Hassan Monirifar; Khoshnood Alizadeh Dizaj; Armin Vahed Rezaei; fardaneh osati; Faramarz Soltani; Taha Azarinejad; Sadegh Shahbazi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 202-216
Abstract
Introduction: Alfalfa is one of the most important perennial forage plants, which has a certain advantage over other forage plants due to its important nutrients, including protein, minerals, various vitamins, and forage palatability. It is highly adaptable to cold and temperate climates, and also has ...
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Introduction: Alfalfa is one of the most important perennial forage plants, which has a certain advantage over other forage plants due to its important nutrients, including protein, minerals, various vitamins, and forage palatability. It is highly adaptable to cold and temperate climates, and also has the ability to increase soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation. Research has shown that there is sufficient diversity in terms of different traits between alfalfa ecotypes in water deficit conditions, and it is possible to introduce suitable alfalfa cultivars for rainfed cultivation in the semi-arid conditions of the country.Methodology: In order to evaluate the yield and quality of 25 alfalfa ecotypes along with two control varieties under rainfed conditions and to introduce the most suitable ecootypes, a research was performed as randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Tikmeh Dash and Maragheh dryland research stations during 2020-2023 cropping years. In addition to evaluating fresh forage yield and dry yield, other agronomic traits including plant height at harvest, regrowth rate after each harvest, and autumn dormancy score were measured in the ecotypes evaluated. After measuring the traits at both stations, a combined analysis of variance was performed based on randomized complete blocks design during three years.Research findings: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the studied ecotypes in terms of measured traits (p˂0.01). The average fresh forage yield of all ecotypes investigated in Tikmeh Dash and Maragheh stations was 4148 and 2469 kg/ha, respectively, and the average yield of dry matter was estimated as 2469 and 1550 kg/ha, respectively. The results showed that the total average yield of fresh forage and dry matter in two stations was 3548 and 2009 kg/ha respectively. Ecotypes No. 2 and 12 showed the highest and lowest fresh forage yields. The highest yield of dry matter belonged to ecotype number 2 (2911 kg/ha) and the order of ecotypes in terms of these two traits was almost the same and after ecotype number 2, ecotypes number 21, 8, 12, 4, 24, 9, 16 and 19. In general, ecotypes number 2, 8, 21, 24 and 4 were identified and selected as the best ecotypes in rainfed conditions.
plant breeding
Mehrdad Ramezanpour; Hossein Hatamzadeh; Farajolah Shahriari
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 217-232
Abstract
Introduction: Cereals are considered to be among the most important sources of human energy, among which bread wheat is recognized as an important and strategic crop in the world. Currently, developing drought-tolerant cultivars is counted a major challenge for breeders. Various methods are used to assess ...
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Introduction: Cereals are considered to be among the most important sources of human energy, among which bread wheat is recognized as an important and strategic crop in the world. Currently, developing drought-tolerant cultivars is counted a major challenge for breeders. Various methods are used to assess diversity in plant species, including multivariate statistical approaches. This study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and select the most promising lines for improvement programs in rain-fed conditions. Methodology: The experiment was conducted during the 2022–23 agricultural year at the Shirvan Rain-fed Agricultural Research Station- North Khorasan. In this research, 193 lines and seven rain-fed wheat cultivars were evaluated using an alpha lattice design with two replications. Data on phonological and morphological traits were collected during the growing season and after harvest. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.4. Correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and principal component analysis (PCA) were conducted using R software (version 4.2.1). The Ideal Genotype Selection Index (SIIG) was calculated in Excel to identify the best-performing lines. Research findings: Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits (p<0.01). Seed yield showed the strongest positive and significant correlations with biological yield (0.824), harvest index (0.817), plant height (0.393), spike weight (0.236), and thousand-kernel weight (0.221) (p<0.01). ). In contrast, an inverse relationship was observed between phonological traits (e.g., days to maturity, heading, and anthesis) and morphological traits (e.g., harvest index and thousand-kernel weight), suggesting that late-maturing genotypes tended to have lower seed weight and yield. The results of PCA indicated that the first three principal components accounted for 69.1% of the total variation among traits. Based on the SIIG index, genotypes 25, 73, 90, 84 and 190 were identified as the most ideal lines, with SIIG values of 0.91, 0.83, 0.83, 0.81 and 0.80 respectively. The correlation between the SIIG index and the evaluated traits showed that grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index had a high correlation with the SIIG index. Therefore, genotypes 25, 73, 90, 84 and 190 with high SIIG index and high yield potential, can be used in future breeding programs.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Reza Soleimani; Karim Shahbazi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 233-252
Abstract
Introduction: Optimal production of rainfed crops with proper management of crop residue conservation in order to sustain production growth and improve the quantity and quality of plant performance to provide food is an undeniable necessity. In dryland conditions, one of the important changes in plant ...
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Introduction: Optimal production of rainfed crops with proper management of crop residue conservation in order to sustain production growth and improve the quantity and quality of plant performance to provide food is an undeniable necessity. In dryland conditions, one of the important changes in plant physiology affected by drought stress is the increase in ethylene biosynthesis up to stress ethylene that reduces plant growth. Stress ethylene cause to decline in vegetative period and decrease grain yield. Mycorrhiza and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria decline the destructive effects of drought stress under dryland condition. Materials & Methods: In order to determine the effectiveness of preserving the crop residues and using the Funneliformis mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria for reducing the effects of water deficit stress in dryland conditions, this study was conducted as a split plots in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications from 2017 for two cropping years. The main plots include three different crop residue managment treatments including residue removal, keeping half of crop residue and keeping total crop residue and sub-plots at four levels including 1- control (no use of Funneliformis mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria), 2- application of Funneliformis mosseae 3- inoculation of ACC-deaminase producing bacteria (preparation of Bacillus simplex UT1 inoculation with 107 CFU ml-1 population or colony unit formed in ml and method of seed coating application 4- concomitant use of Funneliformis mosseae and ACC-deaminase-producing bacteria. Quantitative traits of chickpea such as grain and biological yield, 100-seed weight and number of seeds per square meter and physiological traits like relative leaf water content (RWC), concentration and total uptake of potassium and zinc as two important elements in water relations were measured in plants. Data were analyzed by SAS v.9.2 software and the means were compared by LSD test. Research findings: The results of analysis of variance showed that the main effect of crop residue managment on grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were significant at 1, 1 and 5 percent levels, respectively. By keeping half of the crop residues, 1224 kg of seeds per ha of chickpea was obtained, which showed an increase of 7.81% compared to the control. The results of this study showed that the yield of chickpea seeds in the treatment of without Funneliformis mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria was 1097 kg ha-1, while the highest grain yield of chickpea was recorded for the treatment of Funneliformis mosseae and ACC-producing bacteria by 1294 kg ha-1, which it was by 17.9 % higher grain yield than control treatment. In general, the combined application of Funneliformis mosseae and ACC-deaminase producing bacteria increased yield, yield components and improved nutrient concentration compared to the control treatment. Based on the results of this study, in treatments of crop residue preservation, the use of Funneliformis mosseae is recommended, especially in combination with inoculation of ACC-deaminase producing bacteria in order to stabilize the production of chickpeas.
plant breeding
Somayeh Dadashi; Abdolhadi Hossein Zadeh; Naser Mohammadi; Mohamad Reza Bihamta; Mohamad Reza Naghavi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 253-267
Abstract
Introduction: Yellow rust (Puccinia striformis sp. tritici) is known as one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in worldwide as well as Iran and caused a significant reduction in the grain yield. In this regard, host resistance is calculated as the most management strategies for this disease. Moreover, ...
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Introduction: Yellow rust (Puccinia striformis sp. tritici) is known as one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in worldwide as well as Iran and caused a significant reduction in the grain yield. In this regard, host resistance is calculated as the most management strategies for this disease. Moreover, the identification of resistance sources at the seedling and adult stages of plant growth and development is a necessary task to achieve durable resistance. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to investigation of resistance of a set of promising bread wheat genotypes under controlled greenhouse and filed conditions. Methodology: The plant genetic materials undertaken in this research included 71 promising bread wheat genotypes along with five local varieties as control genotypes. The greenhouse test was done using several isolates taking part from Zarghan, Mashhad, and Karaj regions. The field experiments were performed using the identified yellow rust race at the two locations including Zarghan and Aedabil during two cropping seasons (2020-2022). Several parameters such as infection type (IT), coefficient of infection (CI), and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) were calculated for determine the resistance rate of tested genotypes. Research findings: Based on results, 33, 46, 49, and 53% of the total tested genotypes showed resistant against 6E134A+, Yr27, 6E142A+, Yr27, 46E190A+, Yr27, and 6E130A+, Yr27 isolates at the seedling stage, respectively. At the adult plant stage, 24 genotypes showed the resistance reaction (R and R/MR) against yellow rust disease in thee Ardabil region across two years. In the Zarghan region, 26 and 18 genotypes showed the resistance reaction in the first and second year, respectively. According to CI parameter, 33 and 32 genotypes were placed into the resistant group across two years. Moreover, the results of cluster analysis showed that all genotypes were grouped into separate clusters, and the resistant genotypes in Ardabil and Zarghan were recognized from other genotypes. In general, our findings indicated that genotypes numbers 12, 17, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 37, and 74 showed a relative resistance against all yellow rust isolates at the both seedling and adult plant stages.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Farshid Mahmodi; Javad Ashrafi; masoumeh kheyrgou
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 268-282
Abstract
Introduction: The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown in more than 50 countries and is the third most important food legume in the world after beans and peas in terms of both cultivated area and total production. Chickpea is affected by a wide range of fungal and viral diseases that can cause economic ...
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Introduction: The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is grown in more than 50 countries and is the third most important food legume in the world after beans and peas in terms of both cultivated area and total production. Chickpea is affected by a wide range of fungal and viral diseases that can cause economic losses. Among these diseases, fusarium wilts and root rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceris and F. solani, respectively Are the most important soil-brone pathogens affecting chickpea. These assays will provide plant pathologists a valuable tool to refine the control and management of diseases caused by Fusarium spesies in chickpea. The present study aimed to identify the Fusarium species associated with root rots and wilting of chickpea, as well as the pathogenic strains affecting the crop.
Methodology: Fusarium species were isolated from roots of chickpea plants showing wilt and yellowing symptoms in different chickpea-growing regions of Kermanshah, Illam and Golstan provinces. Plant samples were cut into small pieces, washed under running water for 20 mins, sterilized with 5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 minutes, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and then placed on filter papers. Afterward, the pieces were transferred to petri dish containing potato dextrose agar media (PDA). All the plates were incubated at 25° C for 5-10 days. To determine pathogenicity, purified isolates of Fusarium species were used. Total DNA was extracted using a modified protocol previously described by Talbot et al. Each fungal species was characterized morphologically and molecularly based on DNA sequence data for ITS-rDNA. The PCR sequencing products of the tested isolates were aligned with Clustal (ver. 2). The MEGA6 program was used for phylogenetic analysis. Aligned sequences were checked for quality and compared with deposited sequences in Gene-Bank, NCBI, using BLAST.
Research findings: Based on morphological characteristics and molecular data obtained from ITS-rDNA amplification, F. solani, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and Fusarium spp. were identified in the samples, among which F. oxysporum was the most dominant and common species and had the highest abundance. F. acuminatum and F. equiseti were mostly isolated from adult plants, while F. oxysporum and F. solani were isolated at all stages of growth, from seedling to podding. The phylogenetic tree, based on the comparison of ITS-rDNA sequences, classified the identified Fusarium species into four phylogenetic groups. The results showed that the use of ITS-rDNA sequencing can be used as a suitable complementary method for the identification of different Fusarium species.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Khoshnood Alizadeh; SS Shobeiri; Sadegh Shahbazi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 283-294
Abstract
Introduction: Changing the pattern and improving the methods of planting perennial forage plants in rainfed areas can play a very important role in reducing the complications of successive planting of cereals and also increasing forage production by leaving low-yielding and sloping lands unused. By planting ...
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Introduction: Changing the pattern and improving the methods of planting perennial forage plants in rainfed areas can play a very important role in reducing the complications of successive planting of cereals and also increasing forage production by leaving low-yielding and sloping lands unused. By planting spurge in rainfed conditions, we can not only produce high-quality forage, but also help increase soil organic matter and sustainable production of rainfed cereals by creating appropriate soil cover and controlling erosion. One of the shortcomings of spurge cultivation is that in the first year, the yield of forage produced is very low. This may be partially compensated by growing it with some annual legumes or barley in the first year.
Methodology: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the intercropping of spurge with some annual legumes and barley under rainfed conditions in a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications at two rainfed research stations in Maragheh and Zanjan for three years (2015-2018). The experimental treatments included four pure cropping treatments of spurge, cowpea, forage pea, barley, and four incremental intercropping ratios of spurge with the three plants. Composite analysis of fresh and dry forage yield was performed over three years in a split plot over time based on a randomized complete block design.
Research findings: The results of the first year showed that the fresh and dry forage yields of spurge and companion plants, nitrogen percentage and protein yield were affected by different levels of mixture types. The maximum fresh and dry forage yields in the first year were 3433 and 1717 kg/ha, respectively, in pure barley planting, which did not differ significantly from the forage yields in the intercropping of spurge with forage pea and spurge with barley. Meanwhile, the lowest protein yield (7.7%) (76 kg/ha) was related to the intercropping of spurge with 30% pure barley. In the second year, the pure cropping treatments related to companion plants were eliminated and a highly significant difference (P<0.01) was obtained between the other treatments. The highest dry forage yields (2133 kg/ha) and fresh forage yields (5767 kg/ha) belonged to the pure cropping of spurge, but there was no significant difference between the treatments in terms of protein yield. In the third year, there was no significant difference between the forage yields of the treatments. However, the highest dry forage yield (1414 kg/ha) and fresh forage yield (4213 kg/ha) belonged to the pure spruce cultivation treatment. The results of the composite analysis showed that the effect of year on dry and fresh forage yields was highly significant. The interaction effect of year and treatment in terms of fresh and dry forage yields was also highly significant. The highest dry forage yield (2133 kg/ha) belonged to the pure spruce treatment in the second year. In summary, it was concluded that spruce cultivation is possible in the dry-land conditions of the semi-arid regions of Maragheh and Zanjan, and to increase the quantity and quality of forage production in the first year, barley or grasspea (at a density of 30%) can be used as a companion plant.
plant breeding
Hussein Nazari; Morteza Eshraghi-Nejad; Mozafar Roustaii; Seid Mohammad Alavi Siney
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 295-311
Abstract
Introduction: Drought, as one of the most important environmental stresses, is considered a serious risk in providing world food security. Wheat production in dry areas plays an important role in Iran's economy. Considering the expansion of bread wheat cultivation in dry areas, introducing and developing ...
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Introduction: Drought, as one of the most important environmental stresses, is considered a serious risk in providing world food security. Wheat production in dry areas plays an important role in Iran's economy. Considering the expansion of bread wheat cultivation in dry areas, introducing and developing new bread wheat varieties with high yield and drought tolerance characteristics is very important. Studying the morphophysiological characteristics of new lines can be one of the suitable methods for this purpose. Using a single trait may not lead to desirable results, so in this study, to better evaluate dryland wheat lines and their phenotypic diversity and determine the best lines in terms of performance and earliness, using the SIIG selection method to integrate some of the important morpho-pheno-physiological traits was used.
Methodology: 144 wheat lines were evaluated under dryland conditions at the Dryland Research Station of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center in Khodabandeh city during the years (2020-2021) based on a randomized complete block design with two replications. In this experiment, rainfed wheat cultivars including Sardari, Azar2, Sadra, Homa, Ohadi, Baran, Rasd, Varan and Hashtroud were used as controls. Plant height (PLH), time from planting to spike emergence (DHE), physiological maturity of grains (DMA) along with yellowing of peduncle plants, thousand-grain weight (TGW), grain yield (YLD) after physiological maturity, canopy temperature (Tem), transpiration (T), sub-stomatal carbon dioxide (Ci), stomatal conductance (SC), mesophyll conductance (MC), chlorophyll index (SPAD) and photosynthesis (A) were measured.
Research findings: Analysis of variance showed there was a difference between lines and there was also enough diversity among them in terms of traits studied. In terms of grain yield, lines 65 and 22 were respectively the highest (2625 kg) and lowest (984 kg). The average yield of the top group lines in this experiment varied between 1765 and 1911.5. Genotype grouping based on the SIIG index showed that no line was placed in groups 1, 2 and 8, but in groups 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively, 2, 15, 71, 54 and 2 lines were placed. Lines of groups 3, 4 and 5 can be selected as superior genotypes due to having an SIIG index above 0.5. But the best genotypes are due to having faster spike emergence, higher photosynthesis and ultimately higher grain yield in group 3. Based on the SIIG index, 2 genotypes (42 and 104) were placed in the top group (number 3) and also 15 other genotypes were placed in group number 4. The studied control cultivars were not included in any of these two top groups and were placed in the 5th and 6th groups. Genotypes of these top groups generally had higher mean values in traits such as stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, photosynthesis and yield, and in terms of the number of days until spike emergence and maturity, lower average values were observed in these genotypes. Therefore, while recommending line selection based on the SIIG method, selected lines with this index are suggested as the best lines for use in breeding programs under dryland conditions.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Roya Ferdowsi; Adel Nemati; Noormohammad Abyar; Ali Bahrami; Alireza Rabet; Musa Solgi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, Pages 312-328
Abstract
Introduction: In the transition from traditional agriculture to industrial agriculture, the transfer of technical knowledge from research institutions to production and exploitation fields is inevitable and should be seriously placed at the top of the development and promotion programs of the Ministry ...
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Introduction: In the transition from traditional agriculture to industrial agriculture, the transfer of technical knowledge from research institutions to production and exploitation fields is inevitable and should be seriously placed at the top of the development and promotion programs of the Ministry of Agriculture. Despite the efforts that have been made to increase the use of research, the transfer of research achievements is still a challenge. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the release of new varieties of dry wheat to the production fields and measure the attitude of farmers towards these varieties.
Methodology: The current research was carried out in a survey way in 2022-2023. The statistical population consisted of operators, experts responsible for the area and managers of agricultural jihad. The locations based on the type of climate and cultivated area included the provinces of East Azarbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Zanjan, Golestan and Hamedan. The sampling method was stratified random with proportional assignment in the provinces. The tool used for this purpose was a questionnaire that was completed by the users. The effective factors in the rate of acceptance by the users were divided into three categories (factors related to farmers, factors related to cultivars, and factors related to the way cultivars are published), and in each category, a series of variables are considered, and these variables are measured through a researcher-made questionnaire. became Finally, the conceptual model that was used to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of cultivars by users had three main structures, one of which was the characteristics of technology, including relative advantage, compatibility, simplicity, testability, and visibility of results. Another construct is technology promotion and growth, which includes technology information, technology use training, and technology availability. The third structure is personal and professional characteristics, which includes economic status, social relations and personal characteristics of the user.
Research findings: In Golestan and Kermanshah provinces, about 85%, in East Azerbaijan province, 80%, and in Zanjan, Kurdistan, and Hamedan provinces, respectively, 75, 70, and 67% of dryland farmers know about the new varieties of dryland wheat. Farmers often learn about new cultivars through direct contact with agricultural jihad centers and training courses. In Kermanshah province, 90% of farmers and in East Azerbaijan province, 75% of farmers have access to new seeds, which is a good situation. But in the provinces of Hamedan, Golestan, Kurdistan and Zanjan, the availability of new wheat seeds is not suitable. 75 to 100 percent of farmers in the studied provinces use modified wheat seeds. From the farmers' point of view variables of adaptation to the climate, visiting the farms of leading farmers, setting a higher guaranteed price for a product produced from the seeds of a new variety and cultivation in demonstration farms are factors that can have a great impact on the acceptance of new introduced varieties.
