Crops under rainfed cultivation
M. Delfani; Ali Hatami; S.S. Pourdad; Z. Tahmasebi; F. Fattahnia; M.R. Jahansooz
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, Pages 147-164
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is considered to be a suitable crop for drylands because of its relatively high resistance to environmental stresses especially drought resistance. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of planting density and supplemental irrigation on quality and ...
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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is considered to be a suitable crop for drylands because of its relatively high resistance to environmental stresses especially drought resistance. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of planting density and supplemental irrigation on quality and quantity of forage yield in two cultivars of safflower at the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. The experiment was conducted in a split-factorial-design. The main factor was irrigation at two levels (with supplementary irrigation and dry-land) and Sub factor included the mixture treatments of density levels (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kg/ha) and cultivars (Goldasht and Faraman) which were performed in three replications. The highest amount of total carbohydrate with 68.32% was found in Goldasht cultivar, cultivated in 50 (kg ha-1) density and the lowest amount of it with 65.17% was in density of 30 (kg ha-1) and Faraman cultivar. The highest non-fibrous carbohydrate was recorded from Goldasht cultivar under supplementary irrigation condition. Both dry-land condition (19.35%) and interaction of 40 kg ha-1 density × Faraman cultivar (19.98%) had the highest protein content of the shoot. Forage yield was affected by all three double interactions. In general, Goldasht cultivar with high density under supplementary irrigation conditions had higher carbohydrate, while Faraman cultivar had a better protein yield under dry-land conditions and with lower density. Farman cultivar and Goldasht cultivar had better performance in terms of supplementary irrigation and high density, respectively. Also, the performance (yield) increased when density rise under supplementary irrigation conditions. Finally, it seems that in most of the above-mentioned traits supplementary irrigation has caused better results in high densities.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
G.R. Khalilzadeh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, Pages 165-186
Abstract
In order to estimate genetic variance components and to determine the gene function, this experiment was conducted using crosses from 12 parents through diallel mating design in bread wheat. A total of 66 F2 hybrids obtained from a one-way diallel cross with their parents in a randomized complete block ...
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In order to estimate genetic variance components and to determine the gene function, this experiment was conducted using crosses from 12 parents through diallel mating design in bread wheat. A total of 66 F2 hybrids obtained from a one-way diallel cross with their parents in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were conducted in West Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Station in Saatlu region in three replications during 2013. The results of analysis of variation showed a significant difference between parents and F2 crosses in studied traits. The significance of the mean square of the parents against the crosses indicated a significant heterozygosity for the traits. Considering the significant differences for mean squares of General Combination Analysis (GCA) and Special Combination Analysis (SCA) in plant height, number of spikelet per spike, harvest index and biological yield, both additive and non-additive effects gene effects played a significant role in genetic control of traits. The highest heritability was belong to plant height with 83.7% and the lowest one was belong to harvest index with 54.2%. Narrow sense heritability varied from 16.1 for grain number per spike to 54.2% for plant height. Two parents of Qirmizigul-1 and Qiymatli-2/17 had the highest rank in most traits of yield components and had the highest GCA. In the studied traits, the frequency of dominant and recessive alleles was not in equilibrium in most traits, and dominant alleles were more than recessive ones. According to the graphical analysis of Hayman-Jinks analysis, it can be concluded that for peduncle length, number of seeds per spike, single plant grain yield and biological yield, are controlled by over dominant gene actions, while harvest index was controlled by relative dominant one. Final results of this experiment showed that increasing of grain yield per plant, number of seeds per spike, spikelet number, biological yield, plant height and peduncle length were controlled by recessive allels. Since both additive and non-additive effects are involved in controlling of grain yield, it is possible to assemble additive genes and create an opportunity to gain of dominance variation in a breeding program with suitable selection method, such as periodic selection.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
M. Moatamedi; E. Bazgir; M. Nasr Esfahani; M. Darvishnia
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, Pages 187-208
Abstract
Cereal Cyst nematode is one of the most important damaging nematodes of wheat and barley in the world. Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi has wider distribution in cereal fields in the country. In this study, the effect of mentioned nematode was evaluated on 13 wheat rainfed cultivars and root ...
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Cereal Cyst nematode is one of the most important damaging nematodes of wheat and barley in the world. Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera filipjevi has wider distribution in cereal fields in the country. In this study, the effect of mentioned nematode was evaluated on 13 wheat rainfed cultivars and root micro-morphological in greenhouse and field condition. H. filipjevi were identified based on morphometric and molecular characters. The number of cysts, second stage juveniles (J2) and eggs, reproductive factors and anatomical aspects of the root were analyzed. The results indicated that at greenhouse conditions, the lowest milky cyst was related to Zagros cultivar with 1.75 number and the lowest number of cereal cyst nematode eggs and larvae and reproductive factors were related to the Kohdasht cultivar with 1.32 and 0.26 number per gram of soil. Obtained results classified cultivars in two ranges of resistant and sensitive to cyst nematode. In the field, the lowest number of cyst was related to Zagros with 185.33 per 200 g of soil. The lowest number of CCN eggs and larvae and reproductive factors were related to Kohdasht with 3.76 and 0.68 per g of soil. Root components studies, the highest thickness of cuticle, periderm and parenchyma was observed for the Rasad, Karim and Rasad cultivars with an average of 12, 33 and 41.33 micrometers and the lowest was recorded for Karim, Rizhav and Aftab with an average of 6.67, 19.33 and 23 μm, respectively. Cluster analysis was also divided the studied cultivars in two different categories, which this results had a remarkable similarities with Duncan's test results.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
F. Shokrani; J. Jalilian; A. Pirzad; E. Rezaei-Chiyaneh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, Pages 209-228
Abstract
Intercropping and use of biofertilizers are important for improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants from a sustainable agricultural perspective. In order to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on yield and yield components of dragon's head and chickpea sole and intercropping, ...
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Intercropping and use of biofertilizers are important for improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants from a sustainable agricultural perspective. In order to evaluate the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on yield and yield components of dragon's head and chickpea sole and intercropping, a 2-years (2013-2014) factorial experiment were conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the agricultural research Campus in Nagadeh, Iran. Treatments including sole and intercropping of chickpea (30 and 40 plants/m2), dragon's head (160 plants/m2) and inoculation with two inoculated phosphates biofertilizer (Bacillus lentus and Pseudomonas putida) and without inoculation. In inoculated chickpea, the highest amount of seeds per pods (1.3), seed yield (674.1 kg/ha) and harvest index (49.96 %) were obtained from sole cropping of 30 plants/m2 at first year. The minimum amounts of them were obtained from intercropping of chickpea 40 plants/m2 and dragon's head at second year under control treatment. At first year, in sole cropping of bacterial inoculated dragon's head, the maximum number of seeds per plant (106.5), seed yield (489.5 kg/ha) and harvest index (22.1 %) were obtained, the minimum of them observed from intercropping of dragon's head and chickpea 40 plants/m2 without inoculated at 2013. LER in inoculated intercropping of chickpea 30 plants/m2 and dragon's head was 1.74, that showed intercropping improved land use efficiency by 74% compared with sole cropping, and this treatment can be effective in stabilizing production and agricultural land utilization.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
M. Jamshidmoghaddam; K. Alizadeh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, Pages 229-245
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of three sowing times (fall, entezari and spring) on agronomic characteristics, seed yield and oil content of 15 safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions in moderate cold and cold regions of Iran. Field experiments were conducted based ...
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The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of three sowing times (fall, entezari and spring) on agronomic characteristics, seed yield and oil content of 15 safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions in moderate cold and cold regions of Iran. Field experiments were conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Dryland Agricultural Research stations Sararood-Kermanshah and Maragheh during two cropping seasons 2011-2013. Results of combined ANOVA showed that the main effects of year, planting date, genotype and their interactions were significant for some of the traits in both locations. In Sararood, winter (fall or entezari) sowings showed higher values of the traits than spring sowing, but yields did not differ significantly between fall and entezari sowings. The highest seed yield in fall and entezari sowings (687 and 705 Kg/ha, respectively) and the lowest in spring sowing (331 Kg/ha) was observed. In Maragheh, fall sowing also showed superiority for most of the traits. However, the average seed yield of sowing times (fall, entezari and spring) were not significantly differerent (645, 569 and 648 Kg/ha, respectively). There were no significant difference between fall and spring sowing dates for oil content in both of locations. Winter (fall or entezari) sowings for Sararood and entezari and spring sowings for Maragheh were recommended. In both of stations, no relationship was found between yield and its components so, direct selection for yield were more appropriate. According to the sowing times, different genotypes to obtain the highest rainfed yield potential were selected in both locations.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
A. Alizadeh Dizaj; H. Ebrahimian
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, Pages 247-262
Abstract
The Urmia Lake catchment is one of the most susceptible agricultural areas that has been affected by water stress and environmental problems which caused by the drying of Lake Urmia in recent decades. Using simulation models in exploring management options can be a reliable and appropriate tools ...
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The Urmia Lake catchment is one of the most susceptible agricultural areas that has been affected by water stress and environmental problems which caused by the drying of Lake Urmia in recent decades. Using simulation models in exploring management options can be a reliable and appropriate tools for catchment areas. In this research, the effect of two management options that leads to controlling and increasing the productivity of water resources in the Lake Urmia basin and the Urmia region is investigated by the AquaCrop model. These options included: (1) complete supplementary irrigation (I) at the right time due to the plant growth period and its optimum depth; and (2) the planting date. The effect of these management options on the physical Water Productivity (TWP), the Economic Water Productivity of supplementary irrigation (EWP) and dry yield (DY) of wheat and barley plants under dryland condition was investigated. Simulation was performed using climatic information about 1393-94. The results showed that supplementary irrigation of wheat and barley was 200 and 140 days after planting date, respectively. The highest amount of TWP of wheat and barley was in supplementary irrigation treatments of and , respectively. (0.61 and 0.44 Kg. m-3 for wheat and barley respectively). According to EWP values, the highest economic productivity of water was obtained in treatment for wheat and barley (4580 and 1052 Rials.m-3 for wheat and barley, respectively). The optimum planting date for maximum amounts of TWP, EWP, and DY was obtained for in the first decade of October and the first decade of November for wheat and barley, respectively.
