Crops under rainfed cultivation
Ali Rasaei; Saeid Jalali Honarmand; Fardin Ranjbar; mokhtar Dashadi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 148-157
Abstract
Introduction: One of the principles of sustainable agriculture is the implementation of conservation agriculture, which includes the three principles of minimum tillage, permanent soil cover with plant residues and crop rotation with the aim of reducing the negative effects of conventional agricultural ...
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Introduction: One of the principles of sustainable agriculture is the implementation of conservation agriculture, which includes the three principles of minimum tillage, permanent soil cover with plant residues and crop rotation with the aim of reducing the negative effects of conventional agricultural activities. In fact, it is a solution to increase sustainable productivity along with preserving the environment.Methodology: To investigate the applications of mycorrhiza in no-till and minimum-till systems, an experiment was conducted on chickpea (Mansour cultivar) as a split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the research farm of the Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute during 2020-2022 cropping seasons. Cultivation system no-till and minimum tillage were in the main plots and five treatments of mycorrhiza application, mycorrhiza + half of the recommended amount of phosphorus, mycorrhiza + full amount of recommended phosphorus, full amount of recommended phosphorus and control were as the sub-plots.Research findings: The results showed that the interaction between tillage and phosphorus fertilizer was significant on yield, yield components, harvest index and plant height. The highest grain yield, biological yield and straw yield were 552, 1022 and 470 kg per hectare, respectively and the number of pods per plant (14 pods), the number of seeds per plant (12 seeds) and the 100-grains weight (37 grams) were obtained under direct seeding and combined application of mycorrhiza and half of the recommended amount of phosphorus fertilizer at the time of planting. Grain yield had a positive and significant correlation with the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per pod, and the 100-kernel weight. In general, the results showed that in the no-till system and the application of mycorrhiza along with half of the recommended amount of phosphorus fertilizer, i.e. 15 kg per hectare, the grain yield, biological yield and yield components of chickpea had the highest average. It is very important to implement no-till cultivation by increasing beneficial soil microorganisms and maintaining soil moisture in drylands.
Agronomy
Ramin Lotfi; Hamid Hoseinian_khoshro; Hossein Khoshvaghti
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 158-174
Abstract
Introduction: Changing the chickpea planting system from spring to autumn, due to the increase in the length of the growing period, proper productivity from the late winter and early spring rains, the coincidence of the flowering and podding period with suitable soil moisture, and finally avoiding the ...
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Introduction: Changing the chickpea planting system from spring to autumn, due to the increase in the length of the growing period, proper productivity from the late winter and early spring rains, the coincidence of the flowering and podding period with suitable soil moisture, and finally avoiding the dryness at the end of the season, is result in increasing the yield in Mediterranean climates. Wild relatives are useful sources of genetic diversity and resistance genes to biotic and non-biotic stresses, and the wider the base of diversity, the more likely the breeder will be able to find the desired genetic combination.Methodology: Photosynthetic efficiency and biochemical response of dryland chickpea genotypes were evaluated as factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with two replications under cold stress in two genotypes ILWC109 and ILWC119 along with two genotypes i.e. Ana (resistant control) and ILC533 (sensitive control). In the controlled environment, three different temperature levels including 22°C (as control), 4°C and -4°C were considered to evaluate biochemical characteristics.Research findings: The results of the field section showed that genotypes number 5 (ILWC109) and 23 (ILWC119) not only had the highest amount in terms of chlorophyll a content, but also in terms of ELI index and activity levels of CAT and PPO enzymes. They were better than other genotypes and cultivars and were recognized as cold resistant genotypes. In the controlled part, the results showed that the maximum fluorescence, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, the efficiency of the water split complex in photosystem II and the photosynthetic efficiency significantly decreased in the studied genotypes under cold stress of -4°C. On the other hand, at -4°C, the amount of light current absorption increased in active reaction centers. The highest level of maximum fluorescence and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and the lowest amount of light current absorption in the active reactive center were obtained in ILWC109 genotype. It seems that Anna genotypes and ILWC109 line have been able to increase the number of photosystem II active reaction centers under cold stress conditions of -4°C, and by absorbing light photons, electron transfer could take place with better efficiency. The improvement of the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II confirms this mechanism of action in genotypes tolerant to cold stress.
plant breeding
Hamid Hasaneian Khoshro; Zahra-Sadat Shobar; Hamid Reza Pouralibaba; Jahad Sorni; Leila Pourhang
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 175-188
Abstract
Introduction: Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causes extensive damage to chickpea in many parts of the Iran. The technique of Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is one of the effective and accurate methods in transferring specific genes such as disease resistance genes in a ...
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Introduction: Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causes extensive damage to chickpea in many parts of the Iran. The technique of Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is one of the effective and accurate methods in transferring specific genes such as disease resistance genes in a short time in self-pollination plants. Hashem is one of Iranian chickpea cultivars with high yield, plant height and tall stems which its cultivation is limited due to susceptibility to the fusarium wilt. Therefore, Purpose of this study was to introgression resistance to fusarium wilt from Ana cultivar, as a donor, to Hashem as a recurrent and susceptible cultivar using molecular marker-assisted backcrossing.
Methodology: This research was conducted during five cropping seasons (2018-2023). Crossing was done between the selected parents of chickpea cultivar Ana (as a donor parent) and Hashem (as a recurrent parent) and the F1 progeny was backcrossed with Hashem to produce the BC1F1 generation. By using three backcrosses and one rounds of selfing, BC3F2 progeny was obtained. Foreground selection (FGS) was conducted with four markers (TA59, TA96, TR19, and CaM1402) linked to FW resistance genes. Background selection (BGS) was employed with evenly distributed 16 (Ana × Hashem) SSR markers in the chickpea genome to select plant(s) with higher recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery. Finally, the selected lines of BC3F2 generation were phenotypically evaluated in terms of Fusarium disease resistance.
Research findings: In first year, from the crossing of two parents, 20 real F1 plants were obtained and backcrossed with Hashem to produce BC1F1 plants. Based on results of foreground selection (FGS), was undertaken using four markers (TA59, TA96, TR19, and CaM1402) linked to resistance genes, 6 BC1F1 plants contained 4 resistant alleles and participated in the second backcrossing to produce BC2F1 plants. In the following, from a total of 52 BC2F1 plants 12 BC2F1 plants contained 4 resistant alleles, for background selection (BGS) to observe the recovery of recurrent parent genome using 16 SSRs, At this stage based on the BGS results 5 plant, with the highest background recovery, selected and backcrossed with recurrent parent to produce BC3F1 plants. Followed by cycles of, 6 plants in BC3F1 containing resistant genes and most similar to the recurrent parent were selected. The identified plants were selfed to obtain 6 BC3F2 lines which were screened phenotypically for resistance to fusarium wilt. Finally, 12 BC3F2 lines were obtained which led to identification of 3 highly resistant lines of Hashem with FWR gene introgressed in them. Also, in this study using Meta-QTL analysis region associated with genetic resistance to different race of fusarium wilt were identified on chromosomes 2, 4, 5 and 6.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Mahdi Geravandi; Reza Haghparast; Farshid Mahmodi; Hamid Hossenian Khoshroo
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 189-202
Abstract
Introduction: Chickpea is one of the most important crop for rainfed condition, which plays an important role in the agriculture sustainability. Chickpea generally is known as a sensitive crop to many herbicides and has a poor ability to compete with weeds in the early growth stage because of its slow ...
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Introduction: Chickpea is one of the most important crop for rainfed condition, which plays an important role in the agriculture sustainability. Chickpea generally is known as a sensitive crop to many herbicides and has a poor ability to compete with weeds in the early growth stage because of its slow growth rate and low leaf area at the early stages of crop growth; therefore, weeds become a serious problem in autumn sowing conditions. Development of herbicide-tolerant varieties could be considered as a suitable way to cope with weeds. Identification of herbicide-tolerant genetic resources is necessary for use in breeding herbicide tolerant varieties. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of Kabuli chickpea varieties and advanced breeding lines in response to the post-emergence application metribuzin and imazatapir herbicides.
Methodology: In this research, the genetic diversity of 150 Kabuli chickpea genotypes was studied for tolerance to the post-emergence application of Metribuzin and Imazethapyr herbicides. For this purpose, 50 and 150 genotypes was evaluated in the experimental filed of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (Sararood Branch) during 2019-20 and 2020-21 cropping seasons, respectively. Three separate trials (control, spraying with Metribuzin, spraying with Imaztapyr) were conducted using an alpha-lattice design with two replications in each cropping seasons.
Research findings: According to the results of this research, genotypes showed significant variation for tolerance to the mentioned herbicides. The genotypes were more sensitive to Metribuzin than to Imazethapyr. Metribuzin and Imazatapir reduced the grain yield by 27% and 15%, respectively. Among the studied cultivars, Adel, Goksu, Aksu and Arman were more tolerant to the Imazethapyr in comparison with other cultivars. The superior genotypes identified in this study could be used in breeding programs for development of herbicide-resistant cultivars.
plant breeding
Hamid Reza Pouralibaba; Mojhgan Tabrizivand Taheri; Farshid Mahmodi; Abbas Ali Ravanlou; Saman Bahrami Kamangar; Saba Kowkab; Mohammad Kouhestani Chevan
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 203-219
Abstract
Introduction: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with a high amount of protein and valuable minerals, is considered one of the important items in the Iranian food basket. Due to its adaptability to the harsh climatic conditions of the country's drylands, it is grown in 500,000 ha of rain-fed and dry areas ...
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Introduction: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with a high amount of protein and valuable minerals, is considered one of the important items in the Iranian food basket. Due to its adaptability to the harsh climatic conditions of the country's drylands, it is grown in 500,000 ha of rain-fed and dry areas of Iran. It is considered as the most important county’s rainfed legume crop and because of its rotation cultivation with cereals, plays an important role in the sustainability of agriculture in these areas. Yellowing and wilting disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris is one of the most important diseases of the plant worldwide. The disease causes a quantitative and qualitative decrease in the production of the crop in all areas of the country. The most effective and economical method of managing and controlling the disease is the production and use of resistant cultivars.
Methodology: In this study, 92 infested farms with suspected plants showing symptoms of yellowing and wilting were visited in the northwest and west of the country. The detailed characters of the samples were recorded. Subsequently, they were transferred to the laboratory and the pathogen was isolated from the host, purified and their pathogenicity on a susceptible chickpea variety was verified. For identification, in the first step, classical methods based on morphological characteristics and taxonomic keys were used, while in the second step, molecular techniques were applied.
Research findings: Based on classical methods, all samples were characterized as a species of Fusarium genus (Fusarium spp.). Based on taxonomic and morphological methods, 39 isolates were identified as F.oxysporum. Subsequently, by using a molecular marker, the belonging of 32 isolates to the special form (forma specialis) of chickpea was confirmed. In the final step, using specific markers, 15 isolates were identified as races 1B/C, 2, 4 and 6. These results indicate the existence of races 2 and 4 among the collected samples, which is the first report of their presence in Iran. These findings can be used in the production of disease-resistant cultivars for the infested areas of the country.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Ali Akbar Baghestany; Mandana tousi
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 204-215
Abstract
Introduction: About 98% of chickpea cultivation is dry-land in Iran. This subject indicating the importance of producing this product according to water scarcity in this country. While in 2021, the production of chick peas were 172.8 thousand tons and, 107 thousand tons of chickpeas with value of 95.8 ...
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Introduction: About 98% of chickpea cultivation is dry-land in Iran. This subject indicating the importance of producing this product according to water scarcity in this country. While in 2021, the production of chick peas were 172.8 thousand tons and, 107 thousand tons of chickpeas with value of 95.8 million dollars were imported. Compared to 2019, the import volume of chickpea has increased by 66.5% and the import value has increased by 88.5%. In other hands, the trade balance of chickpeas in 2021 was negative. In the conditions of exchange limitation, the volume and value of agricultural products imports becomes a challenge. Discovering major exporter countries can help both exporters and importers of chickpeas to planning for contribution in global markets. On the other hand, determining the global market structure helps to design and implement trade strategies with a lower cost.Materials and Methods: This study is documentary method, and the data and information were derived from FAO statistical database, International Trade Center (ITC) database. Data analysis and trends during 2017-2021 was done. In order to identify the structure and determine the market power, concentration ratio and Herfindahl indices have been used. These indicators help to identify the market power. When a group of market firms have higher bargaining power compared to others, market power is appeared.Research findings: In 2021, more than 2.3 million tons chick peas with value of 1.45 billion dollars have been traded in the world. More than 15% of the world import was related to Bangladesh. After that, India, Turkey and Iran have the next ranks. The volume of chickpea imports by Iran has increased by 89% compared to 2020 with import of 107 thousand tons in 2021. Also, the share of Iran from global imports of chick peas reaches 6.6%. While in 2017, the structure of the global chickpea market was a monopoly with a dominant country (Australia), this structure has changed to a closed multilateral monopoly (Australia, Russia, Turkey and Canada) in 2021. Turkey and Russia being the major exporters of chickpeas, and this subject, brings an opportunity to joint trade agreements or importers of chickpeas at a cheaper price.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Reza Haghparast; Mozafar Roustaei; Adel Jahangiri; Abdolvahab Abdulahi; Moosa Salehi; Reza Mohammadi; Mahdi Geravandi; Ali Rasaei; Khoshnood Alizadeh
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 216-234
Abstract
Introduction: Chickpea is the third important pulse after bean and soybean in the world however, it is first in Iran because of its capability for dryland farming in the country. Climate change and abnormal global warming is one of the biggest challenges that all countries are facing today. This ...
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Introduction: Chickpea is the third important pulse after bean and soybean in the world however, it is first in Iran because of its capability for dryland farming in the country. Climate change and abnormal global warming is one of the biggest challenges that all countries are facing today. This challenge has not only environmental, but also economic and social consequences, and has increased the risk of weather-related natural disasters, which have jeopardized livelihoods, food security, water resources and health conditions. In this critical situation of water shortage, excessive consumption of products such as bread, meat, sugar and rice with low nutritional value and high water consumption needs, have made the problem more difficult. In this article, the cultivation pattern adapted to the dry and semi dry climate of Iran is discussed.Methodology: In this analytical-review article based on reliable scientific reports and the statistics of crop production and annual per capita consumption of agricultural products, the common pattern of cultivation by farmers and the common pattern of food consumption by the people of the country are reviewed and recommendations are made emphasizing on chickpea and a strategy is presented, finally.Research findings: The excessive consumption of low nutritional value and high water consuming products such as bread and short attention to valuable crops including chickpea, has caused that the suitable proportion of the cultivated area of crops has not been considered in the current cultivation pattern of dryland farming in Iran. People's participation through adopting dietary habits compatible with dry and semi dry climate and modifying the cultivation and consumption pattern based on it, is very necessary to maintain food security and improve the health of the society. For this purposes, it is required that the relevant ministries and organizations form a joint headquarter for execution of needed extension and education programs for adopting dietary habits compatible with the country conditions.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Samira Valizadeh; Mahmoud Pouryousef Miandoab; Khoshnood Alizadeh
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 235-248
Abstract
Introduction: Despite of introducing of suitable chickpea cultivars for autumn planting in cold drylands of the country, still planting of chickpeas is dominantly done during the spring. There is a short window for crop growth in dry and semi dry lands which cover majority of the country. Climate change ...
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Introduction: Despite of introducing of suitable chickpea cultivars for autumn planting in cold drylands of the country, still planting of chickpeas is dominantly done during the spring. There is a short window for crop growth in dry and semi dry lands which cover majority of the country. Climate change has made this shorter and probability of marginal drought stress has been increased dramatically. In the other hand, presence of weeds during different plant growth stage increase competition for soil humidity and causes a decrease in yield. Short growth period and lack of appropriate management could lead to uneconomic chickpea production. Therefore, different planting dates and weed control were investigated in order to achieve the highest yield of chickpea Jam cultivar.
Methodology: This research was conducted as a complete randomized blocks design with four replications under Naghadeh dryland conditions. Planting dates included three levels (autumn, dormant and spring seeding) which were assumed as fixed factor and weed control included two levels (mechanical control of weeds and no-control) were implemented. Experimental plots included 6 rows 3 meters length spacing 25 cm from each other. The planting time was October 6 (autumn), December 19 (dormant seeding) and March 24 (spring seeding). 20 (kg/ha) nitrogen from urea and 40 (kg/ha) phosphorous from superphosphate sources were applied as starter in the autumn based on soil analysis results. Some agronomic characteristics were noted along growth and harvesting times and combined statistical analysis were completed using SPSS software.
Research findings: The highest grain yield and water productivity index were related to the mutual effects of dormant planting date in weed control, with an average yield of 1334 kg/ha and 3.64, respectively. Also, the highest yield energy of chickpea seeds was related to the mutual effects of dormant planting date treatments in weed control with an average of 2721 kcal/ha. The results showed that dormant planting of Jam cultivar has relative superiority over spring and autumn plantings regarding the measured indicators.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Seyedreza Amiri; Sajjad Rahimi-Moghaddam
Volume 12, Issue 2 , December 2023, Pages 249-260
Abstract
Introduction: Chickpea is one of the important legumes in West Asia and North Africa. It is also one of the important legumes in rainfed agricultural systems in these regions. Although Iran has the fifth rank in terms of under chickpea cultivation, it ranks 47th in terms of average grain yield per hectare ...
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Introduction: Chickpea is one of the important legumes in West Asia and North Africa. It is also one of the important legumes in rainfed agricultural systems in these regions. Although Iran has the fifth rank in terms of under chickpea cultivation, it ranks 47th in terms of average grain yield per hectare (400 kg/ha). In dry areas of Iran, chickpea yield is highly dependent on the amount of rainfall and its seasonal distribution. Therefore, annual changes in rainfall make it difficult to employ a unitary agricultural management that leads to maximum crop yield with a predictable trend over the years. Chickpea is the most important legume crop in Iran, accounting for over 50% of cultivated legume lands, and is primarily planted under rainfed conditions. Chickpea production is significantly lower than other crops.
Methodology: Simulation of the potential yield of rainfed chickpea was carried out using the SSM-Chickpea model and rainfed chickpea yield resulting from farmers' crop management practices, including planting date, plant density, and nitrogen in 12 main chickpea growing regions were evaluated. These experiments consisted of 9 independent field experiments. In the current research, the model was evaluated based on the comparison of measured and simulated values for grain yield. Statistical indices including determination coefficients (R2) and normalized root mean square error (nRMS) were used.
Research findings: The simulation with model SSM-Chickpea showed that the average potential rainfed chickpea yield was 1200 kg/ha. The simulation results also indicated that the optimal planting date for all regions was mid-December, as dormant seeding management, led to an increase in grain yield of about 10% in Urmia and 60% in Khorramabad compared with the spring sowing date. Optimal plant density was 20 plants/m2 resulted in a 27% increase in grain yield in Islamabad-e Gharb. Regarding the plant nutrition, the results showed that using 20 kg/ha as a starter fertilizer led to up to a 10% increase in grain yield in the Eqlid and Khorramabad. In all studied regions cv. Bivanij had 23% greater grain yield comparing ILC 482 and a large part of chickpea grain yield potential depented on agricultural management practices in general and planting date, specifically.
