Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal

Agronomy

Using early maturity cultivars to maintain crop areas of wheat in dry and semi-dry regions

Gholamhassan Ranjbar; Saber Golkari; Mohammad Hassan Rahimian; Farhad Dehghani; Vali Soltani Gerdfaramarzi

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 1-13

Abstract

Introduction: Drought and salinity stresses are the main impacts of climate change event. Wheat as an important crop in arid and semi-arid regions, have a high contribution in society food security. Climate change and reduction in irrigation water quantity as well as increasing soil and water salinity ... Read More Introduction: Drought and salinity stresses are the main impacts of climate change event. Wheat as an important crop in arid and semi-arid regions, have a high contribution in society food security. Climate change and reduction in irrigation water quantity as well as increasing soil and water salinity resources caused to remarkable reduction in wheat planting areas in dry and semi-dry regions such as Yazd province during last decade. Using early maturing cultivars with lower water requirement and tolerate to saline condition could be used for maintain planting area.Methodology: This field experiment was carried out as split-plot design arranged as randomized complete block design with three replicates to evaluate yield and yield component of some early maturity wheat cultivars in two years. Experimental factors were two levels of irrigation water salinity (2.5 and 10 dS m-1) in main plots and dryland wheat cultivars; Aftab, Aseman, Ghabous, Kabir, Karim, Kohdasht, Paya along with Barzgar as the local check cultivar in sub-plots. The field was irrigated five times at planting, tillering, mid stem elongation, ear emergence and milking stages of early maturing cultivars. Total water consuming through growing season was 5210 and 5549 m3 ha-1 in first and second years, respectively.Research findings: Results showed that Aftab produced the highest grain yield by 489.60 and 532.57 g m-2 in first and second years, respectively. Barzegar grain yield was lower than that of Aftab by 28.32% and 47.79% in first and second years, respectively. Aseman, Aftab and Paya had the highest thousand kernel weight (TKW). In turn, the lowest TKW was observed for Barzegar and Karim. Irrigation water salinity by 10 dS m-1 (saline condition) reduced wheat plant height by 36.30 percent compared to non-saline condition (2.5 dS m-1). Grain yield for the Aftab and Barzegar was reduced by 31.52 and 39.91 percent in saline condition compared to no-saline condition, respectively. Based on the results of the study, it is possible to maintain crop areas in dry and semi-dry regions by developing high yielding of early maturity wheat cultivars under drought and salinity limitations.

Crops under rainfed cultivation

Ecophysiological evaluation of different crop rotation patterns in drylands of northwestern Iran

Hatam Maarouf; abdolali ghaffari; Amir Aynehband; Ghorban Normohammadi; Khoshnood Alizadeh

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 14-29

Abstract

Introduction. Continuous wheat cultivation and inadequate crop rotation in the dryland farming systems of West Azerbaijan Province have contributed to declining soil fertility and increasing production costs. Continuation of the current cropping pattern, as observed in many rainfed areas of the country, ... Read More Introduction. Continuous wheat cultivation and inadequate crop rotation in the dryland farming systems of West Azerbaijan Province have contributed to declining soil fertility and increasing production costs. Continuation of the current cropping pattern, as observed in many rainfed areas of the country, may threaten the long-term sustainability of crop production under dryland conditions. Previous research in Iran has demonstrated that the adoption of appropriate crop rotations, particularly the inclusion of grain legumes and annual forage legumes, can alleviate many of the limitations and constraints associated with continuous cereal cultivation and gradually improve soil productivity. The climatic conditions of the dryland areas of northwestern Iran provide opportunities for integrating a wide range of crops, including grain legumes, annual forage crops, and oilseed crops, into rotations with wheat. Conventional dryland cropping patterns, owing to insufficient crop diversity over the long term, may result in declining soil fertility and reduced resource-use efficiency. In contrast, increasing crop diversity through the inclusion of legumes such as chickpea and lentil in rotation with wheat, as well as the use of annual forage legumes and drought-tolerant oilseed crops as preceding crops, can enhance the utilization of rainfall resources. In addition, shifting sowing from spring to delayed sowing can improve rainfall water productivity. These strategies were therefore evaluated in the present study.Methodology: A three-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing date and crop rotation pattern on wheat yield and yield components, as well as rainfall water productivity (RWP). The experiment was established at the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute using a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design, with nine treatments evaluated under two sowing dates: spring sowing and delayed sowing. The crop rotation patterns were: (1) wheat–chickpea, (2) wheat–lentil, (3) wheat–vetch, and (4) wheat–safflower.Research findings: Combined analysis of variance and mean comparisons across treatments showed that sowing date and crop rotation pattern had distinct effects on the wheat agroecosystem. Across all rotation patterns evaluated, delayed sowing consistently outperformed spring sowing in terms of economic yield, biological yield, and rainfall water productivity. The highest and lowest wheat grain yields were obtained under the chickpea–wheat rotation with delayed sowing (entezari) and the lentil–wheat rotation with spring sowing, reaching 1405.7 and 1108.2 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Analysis of the effects of sowing date on rainfall water productivity indicated a significant year × sowing-date interaction. The highest economic and biological rainfall water productivity values were recorded in the first year under delayed sowing following chickpea (ERWP = 4.09), Sina safflower (BRWP = 9.54), and Maragheh vetch (BRWP = 8.53), respectively.

Agronomy

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Tillage Methods in Erosion Control and Soil Quality Conservation in Sloping Dryland condition

Hadi Khorsandi; Yaser Azimzadeh; Ramin Lotfi; Mahdi Rahmati; mahdi koosehlou

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 30-45

Abstract

Introduction: Water erosion poses a fundamental challenge to sustainable agriculture and threatens the stability of natural ecosystems. Vegetation cover and land management play an important role in controlling water induced soil erosion. Soil erosion by water is a major challenge to sustainable agriculture ... Read More Introduction: Water erosion poses a fundamental challenge to sustainable agriculture and threatens the stability of natural ecosystems. Vegetation cover and land management play an important role in controlling water induced soil erosion. Soil erosion by water is a major challenge to sustainable agriculture and a serious threat to the stability of natural ecosystems.Methodology: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage methods on controlling water erosion, using a randomized complete block design with three replications on slopes of 6–12% over two cropping years (2022–2023) at the Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Iran. The treatments included five tillage systems: (1) reduced tillage along the slope (using a roller-chisel plough), (2) reduced tillage perpendicular to the slope, (3) conventional tillage along the slope (moldboard plough + disc), (4) conventional tillage perpendicular to the slope, and (5) no-tillage. Rainfall was simulated at a constant intensity of 45 mm h⁻¹, and runoff volume, sediment weight, sediment bulk density, and the concentrations of available phosphorus and potassium in the sediments were measured.Research findings: The results showed that conventional tillage along the slope produced the highest runoff (2222 ml) and sediment (148 g), while no-tillage resulted in the lowest values (350 ml and 11 g, respectively). Tillage perpendicular to the slope significantly reduced runoff and sediment (ranging from 1142 to 1498 ml and 29 to 53 g, respectively); however, their efficiency declined in the second year, except for conventional tillage perpendicular to the slope, which performed better in the second year. Sediment bulk density was highest under conventional tillage along the slope (1.17 g cm⁻³) and lowest under no-tillage (1.01 g cm⁻³). Likewise, available potassium loss was significantly higher under conventional tillage along the slope (121 mg kg⁻¹) compared to no-tillage (46 mg kg⁻¹). Overall, no-tillage was identified as the most effective practice for reducing runoff, sediment, and nutrient loss, while tillage perpendicular to the slope may serve as an intermediate strategy for erosion management in dryland sloping areas.

Agronomy

An Analysis of Programs and Measures for Improving Dryland Cropping Patterns in West Azerbaijan Province

Khoshnood Alizadeh; Ramin Lotfi; Aziz Majidi; Esmail Alizadeh; Navid Kargar; Amir Nourjoo; abdollah hasanzadeh; Bagher Hoseinpour

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 46-60

Abstract

Introduction: With more than 475,000 ha of dryland area, West Azerbaijan Province is one of the major dryland farming regions in Iran. The widespread practice of continuous wheat cultivation, the very low diversity of dryland crops, and the lack of an appropriate cropping pattern are among the major ... Read More Introduction: With more than 475,000 ha of dryland area, West Azerbaijan Province is one of the major dryland farming regions in Iran. The widespread practice of continuous wheat cultivation, the very low diversity of dryland crops, and the lack of an appropriate cropping pattern are among the major challenges facing the province’s dryland agricultural systems. Continuation of the current cropping pattern may seriously undermine production sustainability, and this issue has been one of the major drivers behind large-scale initiatives such as the “Production Leap in Dryland Areas” program and the national program for optimizing cropping patterns. Implementation of an optimized cropping pattern, particularly the inclusion of grain legumes and forage legumes in crop rotations, can significantly improve the sustainability of dryland production systems by enhancing the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, reducing pest and disease populations, and increasing water-use efficiency. In the dryland areas of West Azerbaijan Province, which are characterized by long winters and a relatively short growing season, the primary objective of crop rotation design is to manage the risks associated with water scarcity and low temperatures while maintaining or improving soil fertility. Under such conditions, simpler, more resilient, and lower-risk cropping patterns are generally preferred. Accordingly, this study analyzes the existing challenges and the potential of dryland agriculture in the region and examines effective measures and practical strategies for improving cropping patterns in the dryland areas of West Azerbaijan Province.Research Methodology: In this study, the optimized cropping pattern was evaluated considering climatic and soil conditions, the effects of climate change on precipitation and temperature patterns, and the socioeconomic conditions of farmers. Accordingly, based on previous research findings and existing agricultural programs, an operational cropping pattern was developed, including suitable crop types, their spatial distribution, and the required management practices and inputs. Crop rotation patterns involving dryland cereals (wheat/barley) with grain legumes (chickpea/lentil), cereals with forage legumes (vetch, grass pea, and forage chickpea), and cereals with oilseed crops (safflower, isfahanian starthistle, and camelina) were introduced as examples of simple and low-risk cropping patterns suitable for the dryland conditions of West Azerbaijan Province.Research Findings: A gradual decrease in the area allocated to dryland wheat, accompanied by a gradual increase in the cultivated areas of rotational crops that can substitute for cereals, including chickpea, lentil, safflower, and annual forage crops, is clearly evident when the officially mandated cropping programs of the recent three-year period (1402–1405) are compared. Accordingly, based on the National Cropping Pattern Program for the 2025–2026 cropping year, a substantial increase in the cultivated area of oilseed crops, particularly safflower and camelina, has been projected for the dryland areas of West Azerbaijan Province. This development is consistent with the objectives of the Dryland Production Sustainability Program, which represents a continuation of the Production Leap in Dryland Areas initiative, and has also been reflected in the province’s officially mandated cropping program. Achieving sustainable changes in cropping patterns and encouraging farmers to adopt the proposed patterns depend to a large extent on achieving tangible results under field conditions and adhering to the technical principles of dryland crop production. Based on research conducted under dryland conditions, the major technical priorities for successful implementation of the cropping pattern include: adopting direct seeding (no-tillage) as the first option and reduced tillage as the second option for dryland land preparation; using new and improved cultivars adapted to the province’s climatic conditions; maintaining appropriate seeding rates and planting arrangements; managing planting dates with an emphasis on autumn rather than spring sowing and establishing crops before the occurrence of effective early-autumn rainfall events; integrated weed management; balanced nutrient management; and selecting crop rotations according to production risk and economic considerations. Finally, reducing tillage intensity, implementing appropriate crop rotations, and retaining crop residues as the three key principles of conservation agriculture, together with the use of newly improved cultivars and recommended crop-specific production packages, can contribute substantially to the successful implementation of optimized cropping patterns in the dryland areas of West Azerbaijan Province.

Agronomy

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Management in Dryland Forage Vetch under Conservation Tillage Systems

Ramin Lotfi; Ali Rasaei; Khoshnood Alizadeh; Vali Feiziasl; gholamreza ghahramanian

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 61-76

Abstract

Introduction: In dryland agroecosystems, limited soil moisture, uneven rainfall distribution, and temperature fluctuations are among the major constraints to sustainable crop production. Under such conditions, conservation tillage systems, particularly reduced tillage and no-tillage, are considered effective ... Read More Introduction: In dryland agroecosystems, limited soil moisture, uneven rainfall distribution, and temperature fluctuations are among the major constraints to sustainable crop production. Under such conditions, conservation tillage systems, particularly reduced tillage and no-tillage, are considered effective strategies for sustaining agricultural productivity. Forage vetch, as an important legume in rotation with wheat, not only provides high-quality forage but also contributes substantially to improving soil fertility and enhancing the sustainability of cropping systems. However, its response to nutrient inputs, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, may be influenced by the tillage system and the climatic conditions prevailing in each growing season. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of conservation tillage systems and different rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the quantitative traits and yield of dryland forage vetch grown in rotation with wheat.Methodology: A split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted over four growing seasons (2020–2024) at the Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Iran. The main-plot factor consisted of two tillage systems reduced tillage and no-tillage whereas the subplot factor comprised four application rates of either nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizer: 0, 22, 43, and 65 kg ha⁻¹, supplied as urea and triple superphosphate, respectively. Forage and grain yields were evaluated. The data were analyzed using combined analysis of variance, followed by mean comparisons. Quadratic regression models were fitted to determine the optimum fertilizer application rates.Research findings: Cropping year, tillage system, and fertilizer application rate significantly affected the studied traits. The highest grain yield was recorded in the 2023–2024 cropping season. Furthermore, no-tillage resulted in a significant increase in grain yield and 100-grain weight compared with reduced tillage. Application of 22 kg ha⁻¹ of urea and triple superphosphate significantly improved most of the measured traits relative to the control, with the highest response generally observed at 43 kg ha⁻¹; however, increasing the application rate to 65 kg ha⁻¹ did not confer any significant advantage. Estimation of optimum fertilizer rates revealed that the favorable application rate ranged from 43 to 59 kg ha⁻¹ for urea and from 39 to 58 kg ha⁻¹ for triple superphosphate, depending on the trait. To achieve 90% of the maximum forage dry matter yield of vetch cv. Golsefid under cold dryland conditions in rotation with wheat, an application rate of up to 12 kg ha⁻¹ triple superphosphate, along with 18 and 32 kg ha⁻¹ urea for the reduced-tillage and no-tillage systems, respectively, is recommended.

Soil science

Mechanisms Affecting the Efficiency of Biofertilizers in Rainfed Legumes in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A Lab-to-Farm Gap Analysis

Yaser Azimzadeh

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 77-101

Abstract

Introduction: Biofertilizers are considered one of the pillars of sustainable agriculture, aiming to reduce dependence on chemical inputs and enhance the productivity of agroecosystems. However, one of the major challenges in the application of these fertilizers is their poor or unsuccessful performance ... Read More Introduction: Biofertilizers are considered one of the pillars of sustainable agriculture, aiming to reduce dependence on chemical inputs and enhance the productivity of agroecosystems. However, one of the major challenges in the application of these fertilizers is their poor or unsuccessful performance under real field conditions compared to controlled laboratory environments. This inconsistency, known in the scientific literature as the "lab-to-farm gap", is associated with the inherent complexities of agricultural systems; as beneficial microbes are transferred from isolated and optimal conditions into the dynamic "soil-plant-climate-management" system, their efficiency declines. This issue is of particular sensitivity in arid and semi-arid regions, where rainfed legumes play a key role in food security and farmers' livelihoods, due to the occurrence of concurrent environmental stresses. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the factors creating this gap and the presentation of an analytical framework for identifying critical points is an essential step toward enhancing the predictability and success of biofertilizers in such fragile ecosystems.Methodology: This article was conducted with an analytical-diagnostic review approach, utilizing a qualitative meta-analysis method of previous studies. For this purpose, all indexed articles published between 2015 and 2025 in reputable scientific databases such as SID, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were extracted using keywords related to biofertilizer performance in rainfed legumes and biotic and abiotic stresses. Subsequently, by applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, approximately 100 studies were selected and examined in terms of three main components: microbial strain characteristics, environmental and farm management conditions, and formulation and application methods. In the next step, all variables affecting the reduction of biofertilizer efficiency were categorized into three groups of environmental, biological, and technical-managerial filters. For each of these filters, based on a systematic review of empirical evidence, failure mechanisms were identified and prioritized. Finally, the proposed analytical-diagnostic model (failure filters) was developed and structured with the aim of providing an operational roadmap for the targeted design of strains, formulations, and management strategies.Research findings: The beneficial mechanisms of biofertilizers (such as biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, hormonal regulation, and induction of systemic resistance) must sequentially pass through three filters to be effective in the field: environmental filters (drought stress, temperature, and soil chemistry), biological filters (competition with native microbiome and predation), and technical-managerial filters (formulation problems, application method, and incompatibility with inputs). Together, these filters synergistically reduce the efficiency of biofertilizers. The central insight emerging from this analysis is the critical need for a paradigm shift—away from a laboratory‑centric, strain‑centric screening logic, and toward a systems‑based, field‑tailored design framework. In this revised approach, strain selection, formulation strategy, and application method are not treated as independent steps but as interdependent components that must be co‑optimized according to the specific edaphic, climatic, and agronomic context of each target field. Within this framework, the primary criterion for strain prioritization shifts from maximal in vitro functionality to robust in situ survivability and competitive fitness under realistic field conditions. Concomitantly, advanced formulation technologies and complementary agronomic interventions should be purposefully engineered to shield microbial inoculants from the identified filters. As a forward‑looking research agenda, this study advocates the integration of omics‑based tools for intelligent strain discovery, the establishment of multi‑tiered field‑scale evaluation pipelines, and the adoption of digital agriculture platforms to enable site‑specific and precision‑guided biofertilizer deployment.

Agronomy

Effect of Nano-Organic Fertilizer and Fulvic Acid on Yield and Some Quality Traits of Wheat under Rainfed and Supplemental Irrigation Conditions

Khadijeh Aghaeifard; Yavar Dargahi; Ahmad Tobeh; Asghar Mehraban; Kamal Shahbazi Homonlo; Keramat Akhavan

Volume 15, Issue 1 , September 2026, Pages 102-131

Abstract

Introduction: Drought stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses constraining the growth and yield of wheat, particularly in rainfed and semi-arid regions. The application of supplemental irrigation at critical growth stages, along with organic compounds such as nano-organic fertilizer and ... Read More Introduction: Drought stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses constraining the growth and yield of wheat, particularly in rainfed and semi-arid regions. The application of supplemental irrigation at critical growth stages, along with organic compounds such as nano-organic fertilizer and fulvic acid, represents an effective strategy to enhance tolerance to water deficit and improve both the quantity and quality of the grain. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of nano-organic fertilizer and fulvic acid on the yield and qualitative characteristics of wheat under varying irrigation regimes.Methodology: The experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications, during the 2023–2024 growing season at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ardabil Province (Moghan). The main plots were allocated to three irrigation levels (no irrigation/rainfed, supplemental irrigation at the heading stage, and full irrigation). Subplots consisted of two wheat cultivars (Aftab and Tak-Taz), seed priming with nano-organic fertilizer (0 and 1:1000 v/v), and foliar application of fulvic acid at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 g L-1). The measured traits included the concentrations of micronutrients (iron, zinc, manganese, boron, and copper) in grains, grain phosphorus and potassium percentages, grain phosphorus yield, phytic acid content, the molar ratio of phytic acid to iron and zinc, grain protein percentage, and grain yield. Research findings: The results demonstrated that the highest concentrations of iron (95.495 mg kg-1), zinc (40.241 mg kg-1), manganese (61.335 mg kg-1), boron (9.246 mg kg-1), and copper (39.349 mg kg-1) were obtained under full irrigation × Tak-Taz cultivar, while the lowest values were recorded under rainfed conditions × Tak-Taz cultivar. Seed priming with nano-organic fertilizer significantly increased grain phosphorus and potassium percentages by 3.73% and 2.47%, respectively. Similarly, foliar application of fulvic acid at 10 g L-1 enhanced grain phosphorus content by 7.34% compared to the control. Across all three irrigation levels, the combined application of nano-organic fertilizer and fulvic acid led to a significant reduction in grain phytic acid content and its molar ratio to iron and zinc. Grain protein percentage increased by 7.8% due to nano-organic seed priming, and by 8.46% and 13.39% with foliar application of fulvic acid at 5 and 10 g L-1, respectively, relative to the control. The highest grain yield (6082 kg ha-1) was achieved under the full irrigation × seed priming with nano-organic fertilizer × 10 g L-1 fulvic acid × Tak-Taz cultivar combination, whereas the lowest yield (1218 kg ha-1) was observed in the rainfed, no nano-organic fertilizer, and no fulvic acid treatment with the Tak-Taz cultivar. Overall, the application of nano-organic fertilizer and foliar spraying of fulvic acid at 10 g L-1, particularly when combined with supplemental irrigation, not only increased grain yield, protein content, and micronutrient enrichment but also reduced the anti-nutritional compound phytic acid. Therefore, this integrated approach can be recommended as an effective strategy toward sustainable agriculture and improved wheat quality in rainfed and semi-arid regions.

Conservation Agriculture in Iran's Drylands: From Research Findings to Sustainability Strategies

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 169-192

Abstract

Dryland farming face severe threats from climate change, including recurrent droughts and intense soil erosion, jeopardizing production sustainability. The future of Iran's dryland farming depends on adopting a wise management approach in which soil health, as the foundation of sustainable production, ... Read More Dryland farming face severe threats from climate change, including recurrent droughts and intense soil erosion, jeopardizing production sustainability. The future of Iran's dryland farming depends on adopting a wise management approach in which soil health, as the foundation of sustainable production, must be placed at the core of all decision-making processes. Conservation agriculture (CA) is recognized as an effective sustainable management system to address these challenges, built on three core pillars: minimum soil mechanical disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. This article reviews findings from four decades of field research by scientific centers, analyzing the environmental impacts and productivity outcomes of conservation agriculture systems across different Iranian climates. The evidence clearly demonstrates that conservation systems enhance soil organic matter and microbial activity, improve moisture retention and nutrient availability, and reduce soil erosion. Integrating leguminous crops (pulses and forages) into cereal-based rotations in drylands reduces the nutritional demand of cereal crops and contributes to production stability. No-till systems enhance sustainability by lowering direct energy input, improving water use efficiency, and managing crop residues. Although the primary goal of conservation agriculture is not yield maximization but rather yield stability and resource conservation, research confirms a significant climatic effect on the stability of rainfed crop production under such systems. Yield stabilization occurs more rapidly in temperate and semi-warm climates compared to cold regions under conservation practices. While initial yield reduction may occur during early years of no-till adoption particularly in cold climates appropriate crop rotation (e.g., chickpea–wheat) and effective management of residue cover and weeds can compensate for these losses in the medium term. Consequently, adopting climate-adapted conservation agriculture systems (tailored tillage and rotation practices) represents an effective strategy for achieving climate-resilient sustainable agriculture. However, scaling up these systems faces multiple barriers, including cereal-dominated cropping systems, shortage of specialized planting equipment, weed management challenges in rotational crops, livelihood dependence on crop residues, and lack of effective supportive policies. This paper emphasizes the need for an integrated national strategy encompassing development of local mechanization, strengthening extension–education systems, designing economic incentives, and reforming cropping patterns to facilitate the transition toward conservation-based sustainable agriculture on Iran’s drylands.

Evaluation of the effect of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on the yield and weed population of autumn-sown rainfed chickpea

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 149-168

Abstract

EXTENDED ABSTRACTIntroduction: One of the major problems in autumn-sown chickpea cultivation is the presence of high weed density, which leads to a severe reduction in the yield of rainfed chickpea. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate new pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides for controlling ... Read More EXTENDED ABSTRACTIntroduction: One of the major problems in autumn-sown chickpea cultivation is the presence of high weed density, which leads to a severe reduction in the yield of rainfed chickpea. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate new pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides for controlling broadleaf weeds in rainfed chickpea cultivation. In this study, the efficacy of several herbicides applied as pre-emergence (aclonifen, flumioxazin, oxyfluorfen), post-emergence (aclonifen), early post-emergence (flumioxazin), and in combination (pre- and post-emergence) was investigated.Methodology: This experiment was conducted during the 2022-2023 growing season in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and East Azerbaijan, using a randomized complete block design. The treatments included: pre-emergence application of the herbicides flumioxazin (Clean-sheet, WP 50%) at a rate of 50 g active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare, oxyfluorfen (Goal, 24% EC) at 420 g a.i. ha-1, sulfentrazone (Spartan, WP 50%) at 100 g a.i. ha-1, aclonifen (Noagap, SC 600) at 1200 and 1800 g a.i. ha-1; post-emergence application of aclonifen at 300, 420, and 600 g a.i./ha; a combined treatment of pre-emergence flumioxazin (50 g a.i. ha-1) followed by post-emergence aclonifen (300 g a.i. ha-1); another combined treatment of pre-emergence flumioxazin (50 g a.i. ha-1) followed by post-emergence aclonifen (420 g a.i. ha-1); early post-emergence application of flumioxazin at 50 g a.i.ha-1; and a control treatment (manual weeding). Weed density and dry weight were determined per plot, and the grain yield and biomass of chickpea were measured per unit area.Research findings: The highest percentage of weed control in Kermanshah (93 to 96%), Kurdistan (70 to 85%), and East Azerbaijan (71 to 79%) was achieved by the treatments combining pre-emergence flumioxazin with post-emergence aclonifen. Furthermore, following the manually weeded control, the highest grain yield in Kermanshah, Kurdistan, and East Azerbaijan was recorded for the combined treatment of pre-emergence flumioxazin (50 g a.i. ha-1) followed by post-emergence aclonifen (300 g a.i. ha-1), with yields of 1409, 1293, and 982 kg ha-1, respectively. In general, the combined treatments of pre-emergence flumioxazin and post-emergence aclonifen, due to their broader spectrum of control against broadleaf weeds, provided more effective weed management and higher yields compared to the sole herbicide applications. This combination can be recommended for use in fields experiencing high weed density during the spring season.

Selection of Superior Promising Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Genotypes Using Selection Indices Based on Multiple Traits

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), as one of the important legumes of Mediterranean regions, is of particular significance due to its high adaptability to low-input and organic farming systems as well as its diverse uses. Since rainfed lands are exposed to fluctuations in rainfall across different ... Read More Introduction: Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), as one of the important legumes of Mediterranean regions, is of particular significance due to its high adaptability to low-input and organic farming systems as well as its diverse uses. Since rainfed lands are exposed to fluctuations in rainfall across different locations and time periods, and there is a high likelihood of moisture stress during critical growth stages, conducting multi-environment trials is essential for identifying stable and high-yielding genotypes. Multi-trait stability selection contributes to a more accurate evaluation of plant genotypes and facilitates more reliable results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to select superior common vetch genotypes based on a number of morphological traits using different indices derived from the REML/BLUP model, as well as the SIIG index, and to compare the efficiency of these indices. Methodology: In this study, eight advanced common vetch genotypes, along with the check cultivars Maragheh and Tolou, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at four Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Stations located in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad (Gachsaran), Lorestan (Khorramabad), and Ilam (Mehran and Chardavol) over five cropping seasons (2019–2024). Sowing was carried out using a Wintersteiger experimental seed drill in four 7-m rows, with 30 cm spacing between rows. Genetic parameters were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS and R software. Research findings: According to the results of the combined analysis of variance, significant differences were observed among environments and genotypes for most agronomic traits of common vetch. The genotype × environment interaction effects were also significant for the majority of traits. REML-based estimates showed that genotypic variance, residual variance, and G×EG×E variance explained 8.91%, 55.65%, and 35.45% of the total phenotypic variance for seed yield, respectively. The REML results further indicated that the highest and lowest heritability estimates were related to fresh forage yield and number of pods per plant, respectively. Overall, by comparing the results obtained from different indices, the genotypes selected by the SIIG index (G2, G4, G1, and G3) were identified as promising candidates for more advanced trials due to their superior seed yield, biomass yield, number of pods per plant, hundred-seed weight, and straw yield. In addition, the genotypes G1, G2, and G4 selected using the FAI-BLUP and MGIDI indices exhibited higher seed yield compared with the check cultivars. These findings highlight the importance of integrating multi-trait selection and stability analyses in common vetch breeding programs to enhance drought tolerance and ensure sustainable yield improvement in rainfed agricultural systems, while also providing valuable insights for breeding programs aimed at drought adaptation and yield enhancement.

Evaluation of new sunflower hybrids using multi-trait selection indices for identifying superior genotypes under dryland conditions

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 231-245

Abstract

Introduction: Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, and its yield is highly affected by drought stress. Therefore, identifying superior genotypes with enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses is essential for cultivation under dryland conditions. Relying on a single trait ... Read More Introduction: Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, and its yield is highly affected by drought stress. Therefore, identifying superior genotypes with enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses is essential for cultivation under dryland conditions. Relying on a single trait in the selection process is unlikely to yield satisfactory results; hence, the use of multiple traits and multi-trait indices can improve the accuracy of identifying superior genotypes. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to select the best-performing sunflower hybrids under dryland conditions using the Selection index of ideal genotype (SIIG) and the Factor analysis ideotype-design-best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP).Methodology: This experiment was conducted using 12 newly developed sunflower hybrids along with three check cultivars (Zarrin, Shams, and Azar) at the National Agricultural Research Station and Dryland Seed Production of Gonbad-e Kavus over two cropping seasons (2023–2025). The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Seeds of each hybrid were sown in a 2.7 m² experimental plot consisting of four rows, each 3 m in length, with a row spacing of 60 cm. The experimental field had been cultivated with wheat in the previous season. Planting was performed manually on flat soil, and weed control was carried out by hand. Traits including days to flowering, days to ripening, plant height, distance between ground and head, head diameter, stem diameter were recorded. After harvest, yield‑related characteristics such as thousand‑kernel weight, seed yield, oil content, and oil yield were measured. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the selection of the superior genotypes using the SIIG method, were performed with SAS ver. 9.4 and Microsoft Excel. In addition, the FAI-BLUP method was analyzed using R software and the multi-environment trials package (metan).Research findings: The results of the combined analysis of variance revealed that both the effect of year and the genotype × year interaction were significant at the 1% probability level for all studied traits, indicating the strong influence of environmental conditions and the differential responses of genotypes across years. Moreover, the main effect of genotype was significant for all traits. The comparison of means indicated significant differences among hybrids for the evaluated traits, particularly grain yield. Hybrids H1, H10, H11, and H9 produced the highest seed yields, while H6 and H7 recorded the lowest seed yields. The multi-trait SIIG index identified hybrids H1, H9, H11, H10, H13, and H2 as superior genotypes. The two-dimensional graph further confirmed that hybrids H1, H10, H11, and H9 clustered in the first group with both high yield and SIIG values. In addition, the FAI-BLUP index selected hybrids H1 and H9 as superior. Overall, hybrids H1, H9, H10, H11, and H13 consistently ranked among the best across most indices and agronomic traits, suggesting their suitability for cultivation under dryland conditions.

Regression analysis of yield response and yield components of rainfed lentil cultivars to different urea fertilizer levels under different climatic conditions

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2025, , Pages 193-212

Abstract

IntroductionNitrogen, as an essential nutrient, plays a pivotal role in plant vegetative and reproductive processes, directly influencing the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, amino acids, and nucleic acids. However, plant response to nitrogen fertilizer is influenced by variables such as environmental ... Read More IntroductionNitrogen, as an essential nutrient, plays a pivotal role in plant vegetative and reproductive processes, directly influencing the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, amino acids, and nucleic acids. However, plant response to nitrogen fertilizer is influenced by variables such as environmental conditions, soil physicochemical properties, and the genetic potential of different cultivars. Insufficient or excessive nitrogen application can lead to reduced crop yield. Therefore, evaluating the response of lentil cultivars to different urea fertilizer levels across various regions of Iran and determining their economic optimal rate can pave the way for optimizing fertilizer use and achieving sustainable yields.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the response of lentil cultivars to different urea fertilizer levels in rotation with wheat under rain-fed conditions, a split-plot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in three regions (Maragheh, Sararood, and Gachsaran) during the 2023-2024 growing season. Treatments included lentil cultivars (Sana and Bilesavar in Maragheh; Bilesavar and Line 09S8322-04 in Sararood; Sepehr and Gachsaran in Gachsaran) assigned to the main plots and nitrogen levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg urea ha-1) assigned to the sub-plots. Spring sowing was performed using a three-row ASKE seeder. To complement the analysis of variance, regression relationships were evaluated by analyzing the associations between different levels of urea fertilizer (independent variable) and agronomic traits (dependent variable) using quadratic nonlinear regression models.Results and DiscussionIn all three regions, the response pattern of most traits to different urea levels was parabolic, indicating the existence of an optimal point for fertilizer application. In Maragheh, the maximum grain yield for cultivar Sana (766 kg ha-1) was achieved with 52 kg urea ha-1, and for Bilesavar (603 kg ha-1) with 49 kg urea ha-1. In Sararood, Line S83 reached a yield of 2456 kg ha-1 with 62 kg urea ha-1, and Bilesavar yielded 2288 kg ha⁻¹ with 53 kg urea ha-1. In Gachsaran, cultivars Gachsaran and Sepehr yielded 862 and 788 kg ha-1 with 57 and 68 kg urea ha-1, respectively. The economic optimal dose in Maragheh for Sana and Bilesavar was 50 and 47 kg urea ha-1, respectively; in Sararood for S83 and Bilesavar, it was 60 and 49 kg urea ha-1, respectively; and in Gachsaran for Gachsaran and Sepehr, it was 45 and 43 kg urea ha-1, respectively.

Volume 15 (2026)

Volume 14 (2025)

Volume 13 (2024)

Volume 12 (2023)

Volume 11 (2022)

Volume 10 (2021)

Volume 9 (2020)

Volume 8 (2019)

Volume 7 (2018)

Volume 6 (2017)

Volume 5 (2016)

Volume 4 (2015)

Volume 3 (2014)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2012)

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