Crops under rainfed cultivation
Khoshnood Alizadeh; SS Shobeiri; Sadegh Shahbazi
Volume 13, Issue 2 , December 2024, , Pages 283-294
Abstract
Introduction: Changing the pattern and improving the methods of planting perennial forage plants in rainfed areas can play a very important role in reducing the complications of successive planting of cereals and also increasing forage production by leaving low-yielding and sloping lands unused. By planting ...
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Introduction: Changing the pattern and improving the methods of planting perennial forage plants in rainfed areas can play a very important role in reducing the complications of successive planting of cereals and also increasing forage production by leaving low-yielding and sloping lands unused. By planting spurge in rainfed conditions, we can not only produce high-quality forage, but also help increase soil organic matter and sustainable production of rainfed cereals by creating appropriate soil cover and controlling erosion. One of the shortcomings of spurge cultivation is that in the first year, the yield of forage produced is very low. This may be partially compensated by growing it with some annual legumes or barley in the first year.
Methodology: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the intercropping of spurge with some annual legumes and barley under rainfed conditions in a randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications at two rainfed research stations in Maragheh and Zanjan for three years (2015-2018). The experimental treatments included four pure cropping treatments of spurge, cowpea, forage pea, barley, and four incremental intercropping ratios of spurge with the three plants. Composite analysis of fresh and dry forage yield was performed over three years in a split plot over time based on a randomized complete block design.
Research findings: The results of the first year showed that the fresh and dry forage yields of spurge and companion plants, nitrogen percentage and protein yield were affected by different levels of mixture types. The maximum fresh and dry forage yields in the first year were 3433 and 1717 kg/ha, respectively, in pure barley planting, which did not differ significantly from the forage yields in the intercropping of spurge with forage pea and spurge with barley. Meanwhile, the lowest protein yield (7.7%) (76 kg/ha) was related to the intercropping of spurge with 30% pure barley. In the second year, the pure cropping treatments related to companion plants were eliminated and a highly significant difference (P<0.01) was obtained between the other treatments. The highest dry forage yields (2133 kg/ha) and fresh forage yields (5767 kg/ha) belonged to the pure cropping of spurge, but there was no significant difference between the treatments in terms of protein yield. In the third year, there was no significant difference between the forage yields of the treatments. However, the highest dry forage yield (1414 kg/ha) and fresh forage yield (4213 kg/ha) belonged to the pure spruce cultivation treatment. The results of the composite analysis showed that the effect of year on dry and fresh forage yields was highly significant. The interaction effect of year and treatment in terms of fresh and dry forage yields was also highly significant. The highest dry forage yield (2133 kg/ha) belonged to the pure spruce treatment in the second year. In summary, it was concluded that spruce cultivation is possible in the dry-land conditions of the semi-arid regions of Maragheh and Zanjan, and to increase the quantity and quality of forage production in the first year, barley or grasspea (at a density of 30%) can be used as a companion plant.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
Khoshnood Alizadeh
Volume 8, Issue 1 , August 2019, , Pages 95-113
Abstract
Selection of suitable species of forage crops along with cultivation package is a critical decision For developing of forage crops in the rainfed conditions. Overall researches on forage crop at dryland condition during last 15 years (2003-2018), accessions of indigenous and exotic germplasm of three ...
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Selection of suitable species of forage crops along with cultivation package is a critical decision For developing of forage crops in the rainfed conditions. Overall researches on forage crop at dryland condition during last 15 years (2003-2018), accessions of indigenous and exotic germplasm of three grass pea species, two field pea, six vetch species and 15 annual medics have been evaluated at research stations of Dryland Agricultural Research and suitable species along with superior genotypes for different agro-ecological zones have been identified. Maragheh vetch with 2.5 t/ha mean dry biomass, was released for moderate and warm areas of Iran. Golsefid and Lamei form Hungarian vetch and Golshan from winter vetch with 3 t/ha dray biomass yield are suitable for fall planting at cold and moderate dryland areas and also Toloa was released with 2.8 t/h dry biomass yield for warm draland areas. Despite the superiority vetchs at cold and fall planting, it was evident that tolerance to drought condition in grasspea was more than vetch and some good promising lines for grasspea are under releasing. In addition to suitable forage cultivars for increasing yields, different mix culture systems like legume-cereal and also legume-legume was evaluated under dryland conditions, which increased the dry biomass yield up to 6 t/ha with maraghe vetch + barely and at least 20% more dry fodder yield at legume-legume mix culture. Iranian annual medics showed poor performance in rainfed conditions in spite of cold tolerance presence in some species.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
M. Pooryousef; K. Alizadeh
Volume 7, Issue 1 , August 2018, , Pages 1-13
Abstract
This research was carried out to evaluate some agronomic characteristics and forage yield in two types of vetch and barley bi-culturing under Mahabad rainfed conditions. The treatments consisted of pure stands along with seed mixture of smooth vetch (cv. Maragheh) with barley (cv. Abidar) at 1:1, 1:2 ...
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This research was carried out to evaluate some agronomic characteristics and forage yield in two types of vetch and barley bi-culturing under Mahabad rainfed conditions. The treatments consisted of pure stands along with seed mixture of smooth vetch (cv. Maragheh) with barley (cv. Abidar) at 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 seeding ratio as strip intercropping (different rows) and mixed seeding in a randomized complete block design with three replications. There were significant differences between treatments in terms of spring green coverage, plant height, days to flowering and forage yield. Plant height and forage yield in pure barley stands were more than mixed treatments. However, forage yield in mix cropping was 500% greater than pure vetch stands. The highest dry forage yield (3187 kg/ha) was obtained from 1:1 mix cropping of Maragheh and Abidar. There were no significant differences between two types of mix cropping in this experiment. Land equivalent ratio (LER) were more than 1 in all bi-cultures however, The highest LER (1.35) was obtained from 1:1 mixture of Maragheh and Abidar which could be recommended for autumn cultivation in Mahabad and similar conditions.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
M. Jamshidmoghaddam; K. Alizadeh
Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 229-245
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of three sowing times (fall, entezari and spring) on agronomic characteristics, seed yield and oil content of 15 safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions in moderate cold and cold regions of Iran. Field experiments were conducted based ...
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The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of three sowing times (fall, entezari and spring) on agronomic characteristics, seed yield and oil content of 15 safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions in moderate cold and cold regions of Iran. Field experiments were conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Dryland Agricultural Research stations Sararood-Kermanshah and Maragheh during two cropping seasons 2011-2013. Results of combined ANOVA showed that the main effects of year, planting date, genotype and their interactions were significant for some of the traits in both locations. In Sararood, winter (fall or entezari) sowings showed higher values of the traits than spring sowing, but yields did not differ significantly between fall and entezari sowings. The highest seed yield in fall and entezari sowings (687 and 705 Kg/ha, respectively) and the lowest in spring sowing (331 Kg/ha) was observed. In Maragheh, fall sowing also showed superiority for most of the traits. However, the average seed yield of sowing times (fall, entezari and spring) were not significantly differerent (645, 569 and 648 Kg/ha, respectively). There were no significant difference between fall and spring sowing dates for oil content in both of locations. Winter (fall or entezari) sowings for Sararood and entezari and spring sowings for Maragheh were recommended. In both of stations, no relationship was found between yield and its components so, direct selection for yield were more appropriate. According to the sowing times, different genotypes to obtain the highest rainfed yield potential were selected in both locations.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
S. Kokab; H. Hatami Maleki; K. Alizadeh; M. Rahimi
Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 157-169
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the valuable agricultural and industrial crops which cultivates in many parts of world. This study was aimed to evaluate the genetic variation of 31spinyand spinless safflower genotypes provided from Dryland Agricultural Research Institute based on agronomic ...
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Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the valuable agricultural and industrial crops which cultivates in many parts of world. This study was aimed to evaluate the genetic variation of 31spinyand spinless safflower genotypes provided from Dryland Agricultural Research Institute based on agronomic and morphological characteristics in cold rainfed conditions of Maragheh.The genotypes were evaluated in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Descriptive statistics manifested the existence of genetic variability in the studied germplasm and the least amount of genetic diversity was belong to days to 50% flowering and days to maturity. Using principal component analysisshowed that 6 components explained 91 percent of total variation. Biplot based on principal component analysis and dendrograms of cluster analysis revealed that all genotypeswere classified into2 groups. Maximum value of Mahalanobis distance between groups was 5.05.It can be concluded that there is remarkable genetic variability among safflower genotypesin cold rainfed conditions, which could be utilized in the screening of desirable parents and genotypes for safflower breeding programs.
Crops under rainfed cultivation
K. Alizadeh; S. Shahbazi
Volume 4, Issue 2 , January 2016, , Pages 181-188
Abstract
Introduction of suitable forage crops for drylands is possible through identification and effective selection of superior genotypes between and within local landraces. 25 local vetch landraces from Vicia villosa, V. panonica and V. sativa were evaluated using simple lattice by accounting for spatial ...
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Introduction of suitable forage crops for drylands is possible through identification and effective selection of superior genotypes between and within local landraces. 25 local vetch landraces from Vicia villosa, V. panonica and V. sativa were evaluated using simple lattice by accounting for spatial variability to select suitable genotypes for autumn planting in Maragheh research station. Results showed that lattice design with correlated errors along rows and columns, the lattice design and the randomized complete block design with first order auto-correlated errors along rows were the best models and most effective in accounting for spatial variability in forage yield, plant height and days to flowering, respectively. There was not any evidence for fixed trend in this experiment. Based on the selected models, the best linear unbiased estimates for all genotypes were calculated and the superior genotypes were selected based on related standard errors. It was concluded that the criterion used was based on maximum information of the data, so the inferences drawn from the best model for each trait would give the most realistic assessment of the genotypes.
S. Pakravan; G.R. Valizadeh; A. Samadi; K. Alizadeh; J. Asghari
Volume 4, Issue 1 , September 2015, , Pages 75-82
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine effects of phosphorus residual applied to wheat on vetch (Vicia Panonioca) growth, yields and some soil physical, chemical properties in soil. The experiment was conducted with randomized completely block design in a field with three replications ...
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This study was carried out to determine effects of phosphorus residual applied to wheat on vetch (Vicia Panonioca) growth, yields and some soil physical, chemical properties in soil. The experiment was conducted with randomized completely block design in a field with three replications including four levels of P residual (applied for wheat P0, P15, P30, and P45 kg P2O5 in hectare) from Triple Super Phosphate fertilizer sources. Vetch seeds were planted at same place of planted wheat and applied P according to our package. After harvesting of vetch, plant samples were collected and soil samples prepared from 0-25 cm of soil depth. Results showed that phosphorus residual had significant effects on yields of seed and vetch biomass, number of cluster, root nodules, seed phosphorus concentration and uptake (P≤ 0.05), and weight of thousand vetch seed (P≤ 0.001). Phosphorus residual increased vetch growth significantly leading to increased soil organic matter, structural size and cation exchange capacity (P≤ 0.001). With increasing applied phosphorus fertilizer to wheat or soil phosphorus residual, vetch length, number of cluster, and number of effective nodules of vetch roots, also increased. Greater grain and biomass yields were observed in P45 treatment. It can be concluded that phosphorus residual can effect on P uptake and vetch growth and increase P uptake. In addition soil structural stability and cation exchange capacity improved by greater vetch growth. Vetch has also ability to use phosphorous residual from soil.
K. Alizadeh; M. Arshad
Volume 4, Issue 1 , September 2015, , Pages 83-90
Abstract
Cold tolerant safflower genotypes may be used as alternative winter crop in cold drylands of Iran. 56 selected genotypes of local safflower were tested under controlled and field conditions during winter 2013 and 2014. Genotypes were tested for their withstand remaining frozen for various freezing temperatures ...
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Cold tolerant safflower genotypes may be used as alternative winter crop in cold drylands of Iran. 56 selected genotypes of local safflower were tested under controlled and field conditions during winter 2013 and 2014. Genotypes were tested for their withstand remaining frozen for various freezing temperatures and different times. Survival of fully acclimated seedlings was evaluated after remaining frozen for 12 hours to 20 hours at -3°C which continuously decreased -2 in each hour up to -19°C. Survival after 12 hours at -3°C ranged from 0 to 100% and after 20 hours ranged from 0 to 20%. Selected materials were irrigated and germinated during fall planting in order to expose for winter cold in the field trial. There was a large variability among accessions for freezing tolerance in both controled and field conditions. Lethal temperature for 50% of the plants (LT50) with temperatures ranging from –3 to –19°C. All selected genotypes were fully germinated in the autumn however, the percent of green stand during spring and after winter damage was observed between 1 to 90 percent. There was a negative correlastion between LT50 and percent of stands in the spring. 15 cold tolerant genotypes were selected for further investigations.
M. Mousavi Aghdam; K. K. Alizadeh
Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2015, , Pages 97-103
Abstract
Indian mustard is one of the most drought tolerant crops within Brassica genus which could be used in semi dry areas of Iran. 20 cultivars and lines of Indian mustard were studied as complete blocks design with three replications in two different humidity regimes in Oroumieh research station during 2013-2014 ...
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Indian mustard is one of the most drought tolerant crops within Brassica genus which could be used in semi dry areas of Iran. 20 cultivars and lines of Indian mustard were studied as complete blocks design with three replications in two different humidity regimes in Oroumieh research station during 2013-2014 growing season. Analysis of variance showed that the most studied agronomic characteristics were significantly different in the rainfed and irrigated field. Comparing the means showed decreasing of grain yield and yield components under stress condition. Cultivar Bard-1 and line 14 (DARI-4-2) were superior regarding grain yield and related yield components. Grain yield in the both irrigation regimes showed significant correlation (P<0.01) with plant height, number of pods and number of seeds per pod however, there was significant relationship between yield and thousand kernel weight under rainfed condition, as well. Cluster analysis based on all studied traits in the both trials divided lines to two clusters where genotypes in the first cluster showed higher values. Based on the mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance (STI) indices which were selected as most suitable indices in this study, cultivar Bard-1 and line 14 (DARI-4-2) were identified as the most drought tolerant mustard in Oroumieh.
H. Mahmoodi; K Alizadeh
Volume 3, Issue 2 , January 2015, , Pages 115-126
Abstract
Improve forage quantity and quality using organic and biological fertilizers production of important needs in dryland farming systems of the country. In this study the effects of foliar application of four different combinations of amino acid four different time steps were germinated plant growth, ...
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Improve forage quantity and quality using organic and biological fertilizers production of important needs in dryland farming systems of the country. In this study the effects of foliar application of four different combinations of amino acid four different time steps were germinated plant growth, stem elongation, flowering and spraying all three steps above with the control treatment was carried out total of 17. The experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications during two crop years 1388-1390 were carried out in Maragheh agricultural research station. The results of combined analysis showed that the main effect of forage dry biomass yield and year×treatment interaction were significant at the 1% level. The year×treatment interaction qualitative indicators such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the dry matter were significant at the 1% level. Mean comparison showed the highest biomass yield of 3555 kg/ha in foliar amino acid composition abbreviated AM resulted in a significant increase compared with the 998 kg per ha. Also the nitrogen content of the forage dry matter 3.4 percent in the foliar application of amino acids, comparison to control AM 0.2 percent has increased. Overall, it was concluded that foliar free amino acids in comparison to the control (no spray) in terms of quantity and quality of dry land positive effects are often significant.
Khoshnood Alizadeh; Vahid Fath Rezaei
Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2014, , Pages 33-40
Abstract
Introduction of suitable vetch as a winter crop in cold drylands is highly important in the country. Hence, 14 Hungarian vetch selected from exotic germplasm were studied as randomized complete blocks design with three replications in four research stations of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute ...
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Introduction of suitable vetch as a winter crop in cold drylands is highly important in the country. Hence, 14 Hungarian vetch selected from exotic germplasm were studied as randomized complete blocks design with three replications in four research stations of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) during 2007-2010. Combined analysis of forage yields revealed significant differences between years, locations, genotypes and genotypes by environment interaction effects. Non parametric stability values were in three categories. The first group of stability values selected Golsefid and Sel-515 and the other group recognized Sel-459 as the most stable genotype. However, it was concluded that line Sel-515 with the lowest rank and the least variation according to all stability values have the highest homeostasis under cold rainfed conditions.
Mohsen Mahdiyeh; Hamid Rahimiyan e Mashhadi; Khoshnood Alizadeh
Volume 2, Issue 1 , May 2013, , Pages 101-111
Abstract
In order to compare the performance of different weed mangement methods in spring and waiting planting of rainfed chickpea this experiment was carrid out as split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications at Maragheh agricaltural research station during 2004–2005 crop season. ...
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In order to compare the performance of different weed mangement methods in spring and waiting planting of rainfed chickpea this experiment was carrid out as split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications at Maragheh agricaltural research station during 2004–2005 crop season. The main factors were planting ِdates including the waiting and spring planting. Sub plots were weed control treatments with 11 levels included two levelds of handy weeding, three levels of mechanical control, five levels of chemical control and check without contol. Comparison of means showed that handy weeding was better treatment comparing chemical and mechanical control and had more grain yield at both planting dates. Among chemical weed control methods, the treatment Pursuit in waiting planting had 606.2 kg.ha-1 grain yield was the best treatment. Among mechanical control the treatment of inter-row caltivation along with hand weeding on crop rows in spring planting had 764.9 kg.ha-1 grain yield was the best treatment. Economical evaluation of different herbicides showed that Pursuit had %124 net economic gain in comparison with check, and with %57 net gain over full control, it was the best treatment in the waiting planting method. Full handy control with %126 and mecahanical control with %112 net gain over check were more economical treatments in the spring planting date.
A. Shakkoorzadeh; Kh. Alizadeh; M. Pooryusef; A. Ghaffari
Volume 1, Issue 1 , May 2012, , Pages 63-75
Abstract
The mixing ratio of barley and smooth vetch cv. Maragheh was studied in dryland agricultural research institute station during 2010-2011 growing season. The studied treatments comprised of 100% vetch, 75% vetch+ 25% barley, 50% vetch+ 50% barley and 100% barley. There was different seed densities of ...
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The mixing ratio of barley and smooth vetch cv. Maragheh was studied in dryland agricultural research institute station during 2010-2011 growing season. The studied treatments comprised of 100% vetch, 75% vetch+ 25% barley, 50% vetch+ 50% barley and 100% barley. There was different seed densities of vetch including 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 seeds/m2 (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5). The highest dry matter was obtained from pure barley. The combination of 50% vetch+ 50% barley in the D2 density produced 17.36 ton/ha fresh forage and 1 ton/ha protein. The highest land equivalent ratio (1.4) was belonged to 75% vetch+ 25% barley in D5 seed density. It was concluded that, 50% vetch + 50% barley in D5 vetch density was the best mixing ratio and seed density regarding both forage quality and quantity in this research.
